Chapter 18: VIRUSES and PROKARYOTES

1. Chapter 18: VIRUSES and PROKARYOTES Bacteria on Syringe

2. Think Back • List the factors of all living things: • Hint: (rhymes with FROMER)

3. PATHOGENS _____________________________________________ -Any __________________ or ___________________ that can cause an __________________________. -Also known as _________________________. LIVING THING PARTICLE INFECTIOUS DISEASE INFECTIOUS AGENT VIRUS BACTERIA ____________________ ____________________ _________________ microorganisms that reproduce by fission and can cause infection. An infectious particle made only of a ________________ or ________ surrounded by a ________________ and can only reproduce inside another living cell. Always cause infection on its host cell. ONE-CELLED PROKARYOTIC STRAND OF DNA RNA PROTEIN COAT Virus video

4. STRUCTURE VIRION: Genetic material surrounded by the capsid. • PROTEIN COAT, (CAPSID) 2. CHROMOSOME-LIKE PART Size of virus

5. VACCINES -Use to help prevent organisms from becoming infected by a viruse * Injects dead virus into body * Exposes immune system to virus so it has the ability to recognize the virus and destroy it if it enters the body

6. VACCINES • Substances made from __________________________. • Introduce a ___________ into the ________________. • Stimulate ___________ into action, Which create ________________ and a ______________ record of the pathogen. • Give organisms ____________ to future infections of same ________________. DEAD OR WEAKENED PATHOGENS DISEASE BLOODSTREAM B-CELLS ANTIBODIES MEMORY IMMUNITY PATHOGEN Bioterror

7. 2 1 3 6 LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUS 4 5 ANIMATION

8. LYTIC INFECTION LYSOGENIC INFECTION

9. REGARDLESS OF HOW A VIRUS INFECTS, IT IS ALWAYS INFECTIOUS LYTIC INFECTION LYSOGENIC INFECTION

10. List five traits of viruses: • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • ____________________________ • Indicate if the statements below are • TRUE or FALSE. If they are FALSE, make them • TRUE by rewriting factual statements. • ____________________Viruses cause disease only in humans • ____________________ Each kind of virus infects many hosts. • ____________________ The rabies virus will infect only the digestive system • of mammals • 4. ____________________ Cold sores are caused by a virus that remains active. • 5. ____________________ Viruses are always larger than cells they infect. • 6. ____________________ Viruses reproduce outside of living cells. • 7. ____________________ Viruses do not change the hereditary material in the • host cell. ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

11. VIRAL INFECTIONS THE COMMON COLD • _________________________: • a. __________ known ‘cold’ viruses’ • b. _____________ as the move from one host to the next • _________________________: • a. Spreads quickly and causes ___________________ • - ____________________ of an infection that • affects many people • b. _____________ of US population is infected with flu • each year • c. Has a high _________________ rate of surface • proteins on capsids-________________________________ • __________________________________ • d. __________ influenza subtypes infect ______________ • e. Other subtypes might infect _____________________________ 200 MUTATE How flu invades body INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS RAPID OUTBREAK 20% MUTATION MAKING A NEED FOR NEW! VACCINES EVERY YEAR! Only 3 HUMANS Flu of 1918 HORSES, PIGS, WHALES, SEALS

12. Traits of Bacteria Bacteria video PROKARYOTES • They are one of two __________________ • ____________________________ • They are _____________________. • They contain __________________ • ____________________: (300 could be in a line on the tip of your pencil, but they’re still larger than viruses) • Found _____________________: (live in water, air, soil, food) • Classified by ______________ • Can be found as _______________, _____________, or _______________ _______________ • Reproduce by _________________. • Can be _______________________ (Having NO Nucleus) SINGLE-CELLED TRAITS GENETIC MATERIAL MICROSCOPIC EVERYWHERE SHAPE SINGLE CELLS PAIRS COLONIES FISSION HELPFUL or HARMFUL Bacteria Invading Cell

13. SHAPES OF BACTERIA SHAPES OF BACTERIA ____________________ COCCI = ROUND ____________________ BACILLI = ROD ____________________ SPIRILLA = SPIRAL

14. Bacteria Niches Parasites • ______________________: • ______________________: • 3. ______________________: Streptococcus Feed off of a living host Saprophytes/ Decomposers Use dead materials for food Pseudomonas Producers Contain chlorophyll and make their own food Cay

15. SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS If conditions were harsh, how would a bacterial cell survive? _________________________________________________________ What would you say is the most important part of the cell? ___________ IT WOULD NEED PROTECTION AGAINST ELEMENTS DNA ChromosomeMaterial Cytoplasm • No nucleus, (only one main chromosome) • Cell Wall • Cell Membrane • Some have a capsule • Cytoplasm • Some have a flagellum cytoplasm Flagellum Endospore Capsule Capsule Cell Membrane Cell Wall

16. EXTRA TERMINOLOGY A SPECIALIZED CELL WITH A THICK PROTECTIVE WALL FORMED WHEN CONDITIONS ARE UNFAVORABLE FOR A BACTERIA CELL • ENDOSPORE: _______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________. • a. Bacterium copies its _________________________ • b. Produces a _____________ around the copy • 2. CAPSULE: __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ chromosome wall ADAPTIVE STRUCTURE THAT SURROUNDS CELL TO PROTECT CELL AND ALLOW FOR IT TO ADHERE TO HOST Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria

17. PARTS OF A BACTERIA CAPSULE Surrounds the entire cell and keeps it from drying out: ___________ Whip-like structure: __________ Thick-walled structure that forms inside the cell enclosing DNA material: ___________ Allows material to pass in and out of bacteria cell: ___________ Helps the bacteria cell to ‘stick’ to food and other surfaces: ___________ Forms when living conditions are not ideal for bacteria to live: __________ Gives the cell a basic shape: __________ Contains the traits of the bacteria cell: __________ Helps bacteria cell to move: __________ FLAGELLA ENDOSPORE CELL MEMBRANE CAPSULE ENDOSPORE CELL WALL CHROMOSOME FLAGELLA

18. Controlling Bacteria in Food CANNING • ______________________- first destroying bacteria by raising temperatures, and then storing them in airtight containers. • _____________________-process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria. • _____________________-slows the growth of food by lowering their temperature. • _____________________-removing the water from foods so that bacteria can’t live there. PASTEURIZTION COOLING/FREEZING DEHYDRATION

19. Helpful Bacteria MUTUALISM DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS • Key parts of animal ____________________________ • a. Help animals ___________________ their food • b. Produce __________________ for host animal • c. Keep away ____________________________. BREAK DOWN VITAMINS HARMFUL MICROBES

20. Helpful Bacteria CHEMICALLY BREAK DOWN FERMENTS Bacteria helps, ______________________, (___________________________), many food products that people eat every day. This gives foods certain __________________ and _______________ TEXTURES FLAVORS _________ _________ __________________ __________________ SAURERKRAUTSOY PICKLESYOGURTSOURVINEGARSAUCECREAM __________ __________ _________ __________

21. Helpful Bacteria ENVIRONMENT More recently, bacteria have been used to benefit the _____________________. _________________________: Solving problems using living organisms. Use the internet to research the following topics to discover how bacteria is being used in the following areas: BIOTECHNOLOGY Pest Control Gas Insulin Detergents ------------------------------ WARFARE

22. ANTIBIOTICS Chemicals that ___________ or ________________ the growth of bacteria Work by stopping bacteria from making ___________________. Produced naturally by some species of ________________ and _________________. The can be used as medicine without damage since animal cells do not have ________________. Resistant bacteria KILL SLOW CELL WALLS BACTERIA FUNGI CELL WALLS

23. Defense Against Pathogens • First Defense: • _______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • Second Defense: • _______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • Third Defense: • _______________________ Body Coverings Cuts in Skin Mucous Membranes Body Openings IMMUNE SYSTEM White Blood Cells Antibodies Interferon Vaccines

24. ANTIBODIES • Chemicals made by specialized ____________________ • Help ____________ viruses and harmful bacterium • May be ________________________________ OR may be held captive until _______________ can surround and destroy it WHITE BLOOD CELLS DESTROY DESTROYED BY ANTIBODIES macrophage

25. BACTERIA REVIEW THEY ARE ALL PROKARYOTIC, (no nuclei) • What is a common trait amongst all bacteria, (Archea and Eubacteria)? • What is a deciphering factor when classifying Archea versus Eubacteria? • What are three common shapes of bacteria? • How can bacteria be found? (in what arrangement?) • Where can they be found? • How do they reproduce? • What conditions do they need to survive? • What do they obtain energy • What are communicable diseases? • Are bacteria harmful or helpful? THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY LIVEEubacteria live under neutral conditions, while archaebacteria live under extremes ROUND, (coccus) ROD, (bacilli) SPRIAL, (sprilli) SINGLE PAIRS COLONIES EVERYWHERE FISSION: (one splits into two) DEPENDS ON THE KINGDOM OF BACTERIA… SOME BACTERAI ARE PRODUCERES, OTHERS ARE CONSUMERS DISEASES CAUSED BY A PATHOGEN THAT IS SPREAD FROM DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE PATHOGEN SOME ARE HARMFUL, SOME ARE HELPFUL

26. UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VIRUSES AND BACTERIA? • What is a virus? • How is a virus different from a bacterium? • How do bacteria reproduce? • How do viruses reproduce? • Why can medicine be used to treat bacterial infections/disease? • Why can medicine not be used to treat viral infections/disease? • What things in the body destroy viruses?