Energy Sources Presentation

1. Energy Sources Presentation

2. Geothermal Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. Dry System- Power plants using dry steam systems were the first type of geothermal power generation plants built. It uses a big well under the ground and then produces steam and then the steam runs up a pipe through a turbine and then into a condenser where the correct heat is produced with cold and warm war or water is ran into. Then the cold water not used is ran back down and into the well under the ground. (3) • Facts • Can be submersed in a pond or a lake.(4) • In summer, the process is reversed. The underground loop draws excess heat from the house and allows it to be absorbed by the Earth. The system cools your home in the same way that a refrigerator keeps your food cool - by drawing heat from the interior, not by blowing in cold air. (4) How it is used in homes: (4) http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/home/heating_cooling/geothermal.html

3. Geothermal Disadvantages • The initial cost of design and installation can be costly yet this investment would be likely to pay off over the years of operation. (2) • The area needed to lay the piping system can be quite large and this may not be suitable for small developments. (2) • Geothermal Advantages • Does not create any pollution because it is the earth’s energy that is used. (1) • Very efficient, because after a site is located and a geothermal power plant is built, the efforts required to channel it are negligible. (1) • GEOTHERMAL ENERGY WILL NEVER EVER RUN OUT!!! (1) • Works Cited • http://www.buzzle.com/articles/geothermal-energy-and-its-advantages.html • http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/geothermal_power.html • https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/geothermal/422/what_is_geothermal_energy_ • http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/home/heating_cooling/geothermal.html

4. Solar Energy • Sun’s rays that can be converted into energy • Heat • Electricity • Can power cars • Photovoltaic Devices • Exchanges sunlight directly into electricity • Solar Thermal Heating • Sunlight reduces the amount of Electricity/gas required to heat Commercial or industrial solar water heating are most effective.

5. Power Plants and Solar cars California has the biggest power plant in the World They are located in Harper Lake They use mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto receivers that accumulate the solar energy and convert it to heat. Another benefit from solar power is being able to power vehicles. Some benefits of this are the electricity fuels the battery and runs the car’s motor. Some solar cars direct the power straight to the electric motor.

6. Biofuel • Methanol and Ethanol • Both are colorless liquids • Ethanol is found in alcoholic drinks • Methanol is lethal when consumed • Generally made from corn (renewable) • Replacement for gasoline (E85) • Can only be used in a specially modified engine

7. Biofuel • Ethanol Production • Components are ground up, dissolved into sugars • Fed to bacteria, produce ethanol as a byproduct • Methanol production • Passing electricity through CO and H2 • High pressure and temperature • Expensive now, as technology improves, will become more desirable • Average cost of conversion kit: $500-$700 http://e85prices.com/

8. Animal Power • An animal-driven Persian wheel • A variety of all-metal improved Persian wheels have been built. Their smaller diameter reduces the extra height the water needs to be lifted before it is tipped out of the containers, and also reduces the well diameter that is necessary. • Advantages :A relatively inexpensive traditional technology which can be locally made and maintained.Easy to operate .Lifts water up to 20 m but most efficient at depths of less than 7.5 m. Water yields of approximately  160-170  l/min for lifts of 9 m.Medium efficiency (40-70%). • Disadvantages :The design means that water is raised above the point of discharge before falling into the collection channel.Animals need to be maintained all year even when irrigation is not necessary. • http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=378 • Modern Uses • Horse and buggy • Ox en and plow • Dogs and Herding • Pack goats and camels

9. Man Power • Shallow-Well Piston Pump • A reciprocating suction pump has a plunger or piston which moves up and down in a two-valve closed cylinder. As the plunger moves upward it forces water out through the outlet valve and at the same time draws water into the cylinder through the inlet valve. Moving the plunger down brings it back to its starting position.  • The reciprocating suction pump has the pump cylinder situated above ground or near the surface. Pulling up the plunger lowers the atmospheric pressure in the cylinder (creates suction) causing the atmospheric pressure outside the cylinder to push the water upwards. The main limitation of this pumping method is that the atmospheric pressure difference between the inside and outside of the cylinder is only large enough to raise water up to a maximum of 7m from the water table. • Advantages :Relatively simple maintenance (main pump components positioned above ground).Large piston diameter gives water delivery of 24-36 litres/min at 7 m depth.Medium to high efficiency (60-85%). • Disadvantages :More expensive than most basic / traditional irrigation methods.Limited to wells of less than 7 metres in depth • http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=378 • Modern Uses • Well Water • Creel bar • Cranes use pulleys • Wheel Barrow

10. Hydrogen Clean energy- emits only water In the long term will simultaneously reduce the dependency on foreign oil and emissions of green house gases and zero-emision vehicles

11. Electrical energy is used to split waterHydrogen gathers in one tube, oxygen in the other • Hydrogen is estimated to be 90%of all atoms • Liquid hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel, for example powering the Space Shuttle's lift-off and ascent into orbit- this is burned not reused • $12 per 100g • Split water to get hydrogen. Then it’s combined with oxygen, from the atmosphere, and this powers the car forward by using the fuel cell created • www.newcark.com/hydrogen-cars/hydrogen-cars.php

12. This is a hydrogen fuel cell. It uses the hydrogen fuel that is combined together after splitting the water forming hydrogen and oxygen.

13. ... • Food energy is the amount of energy obtained from food that is available through cellular respiration. • Fiber, fats, proteins, organic acids, polyols, and ethanol all release energy during respiration — this is often called “Food Energy”. • Each food item has a specific metabolizable energy intake (MEI). Normally this value is obtained by multiplying the total amount of energy associated with a food item by 85%, which is the typical amount of energy actually obtained by a human after respiration has been completed. • About twenty percent of the energy is used for brain metabolism, and much of the rest is used for the basal metabolic requirements of other organs and tissues. www.japaninc.com/files/images/mgz_73_burger-b... FOOD http://www.charlestonseafood.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy

14. Many governments require food manufacturers to label the energy content of their products, to help consumers control their energy intake. • Like other forms of energy, food energy is expressed in calories or joules. • European Union, manufacturers of prepackaged food must label the nutritional energy of their products in both kilocalories and kilojoules, when required. In the United States, the equivalent mandatory labels display only "Calories“ • Recommended daily energy intake values for young adults and men are: 2500 kcal/day and 2000 kcal/day for women. • Children and older people require less energy. http://www.localwin.com http://www.comdiabetes.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy

15. Nuclear Energy Benefits • Nuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared to hydro or wind energy. Hence, a large amount of electricity can be generated. Presently, 12-18% of the world's electricity is generated through nuclear energy. • The biggest advantage of nuclear energy is that there is no release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbon) during nuclear reaction. The greenhouse gases are a major threat in the current scenario, as they cause global warming and climate change. As there is no emission of these gases during nuclear reaction, there is very little effect on the environment. • Nuclear reactors make use of uranium as fuel. Fission reaction of a small amount of uranium generates large amount of energy. Disadvantages Nuclear energy can be used for production and proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons make use of fission, fusion or combination of both reactions for destructive purposes. They are a major threat to the world as they can cause a large-scale devastation. (However it is impossible for a Nuclear Power plant to explode in the manner of an atomic bomb.) Though large amount of energy can be produced from a nuclear power plant, it requires large capital cost. Around 15-20 years are required to develop a single plant. Hence, it is time consuming to build a nuclear power plant. The nuclear reactors will work only as long as uranium is available, however radioactive alternatives exist, such as plutonium. The waste produced after fission reactions contains unstable elements and is highly radioactive. It is very dangerous to the environment as well as human health, and remains so, for thousands of years. It needs professional handling and should be kept isolated from the living environments. The radioactivity of these elements reduces over a period of time, after decaying. They must be carefully stored. It is very difficult to store radioactive elements for a long period. The Chernobyl disaster that occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 in Ukraine, was the worst nuclear power plant disaster. One of the nuclear reactors of the plant exploded, releasing high amount of radiation in the environment. It resulted in thousands of casualties, mostly due to exposure to harmful radiation. One cannot deny the possibility of repetition of such disasters in future. Taken from buzzle.com

16. Types of Nuclear Energy Fusion In nuclear fusion, the nuclei of atoms are joined together, or fused. This happens only under very hot conditions. The Sun, like all other stars, creates heat and light through nuclear fusion. In the Sun, hydrogen nuclei fuse to make helium. The hydrogen bomb, humanity's most powerful and destructive weapon, also works by fusion. The heat required to start the fusion reaction is so great that an atomic bomb is used to provide it. Hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium and in the process release huge amounts of energy thus producing a huge explosion. Fission In nuclear fission, the nuclei of atoms are split, causing energy to be released. The atomic bomb and nuclear reactors work by fission. The element uranium is the main fuel used to undergo nuclear fission to produce energy since it has many favorable properties. Uranium nuclei can be easily split by shooting neutrons at them. Also, once a uranium nucleus is split, multiple neutrons are released which are used to split other uranium nuclei. This phenomenon is known as a chain reaction. Taken from http://library.thinkquest.org