Understanding Proteins and Nucleic Acids in Biological Chemistry

1. Biological Chemistry

2. Macromolecules • Large organic molecules • Basic Structure POLYMERIZATION!

3. Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

4. Proteins

5. Proteins Chains of amino acids Basic structure below:

6. Proteins Amino acid in solution

7. Proteins 20 amino acids Differ only in their side chains, R.

8. Condensation!

9. Proteins: Primary Structure • Order of amino acids • Protein made depends on • Kind: which amino acids are present? • Amount: how many amino acids? • Sequence: what’s the order they are arranged?

10. Proteins: Secondary Structure Folding & coiling form pleated sheets and helixes Stabilized by hydrogen bonds

12. Proteins: Tertiary Structure Long coils fold among themselves

13. Proteins: Quaternary Structure • separate amino acid chains fit together to make the final structure of a protein • i.e., hemoglobin has 4!

15. Proteins: What do they do? Structural: collagen, elastin Oxygen-carriers: hemoglobin, myoglobin Forms parts of cell membranes: channels, receptors Allow muscle contraction Enzymes

16. Proteins: Enzymes Protein catalysts that speed up important biological chemical reactions

17. Proteins: Enzymes substrates How do they work?

19. Proteins: Enzymes How does environment affect its activity? Things to consider: • Temperature • pH

20. Proteins: Enzymes How does environment affect its activity?

24. Nucleic Acids

25. Nucleic Acids DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid ATP: adenosine triphosphate

26. Nucleic Acids • Monomers are called nucleotides • Each nucleotide has 3 parts • nitrogen-containing base • monosaccharide ribose • phosphate

27. Nucleic Acids • Five kinds of bases • Adenine • Guanine • Thymine (in DNA only) • Cytosine • Uracil (in RNA only)

29. U

30. Nucleic Acids

32. DNA & RNA • form the genetic material of an organism

33. ATP • carries energy and provides to help many reactions in the cell