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Fundamentals of Biological Chemistry: Bonds and Macromolecules

Explore the significance of chemical bonds (covalent and hydrogen) in biological systems along with the structure and function of key macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids at various levels of organization.

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Fundamentals of Biological Chemistry: Bonds and Macromolecules

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  1. Review of Biological Chemistry

  2. Biologically Important Elements

  3. Covalent Sharing of electrons Strong bonds Multiple bonds possible (especially with carbon) Single Double Triple Ionic Transfer of electrons and attraction of resulting ions Relatively weak; tend to dissociate Chemical Bonds

  4. Hydrogen Bonds • Attraction between portions of different molecules with partial charges • Water molecules • Important in the structure of proteins

  5. Macromolecules in Cells • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Note: Most of the cell is water

  6. Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • General formula: Cx(H2O)y • Polymers of simple sugars such as glucose • Storage of energy and structural compounds

  7. Linkages Between Sugars: Alpha

  8. Linkages Between Sugars: Beta

  9. Lipids • Chemically diverse group of chemicals • Defined on the basis of hydrophobicity -- lipids do not dissolve in water. • Include fatty acids, fats, and waxes • Major structural components of membranes -- phospholipids

  10. Phospholipids and Membranes • Lipid with attached phosphate group • Hydrophilic head with hydrophobic tail • When placed in water orient with lipids on inside and phosphates facing the water -- bilayer or membrane

  11. Proteins • Function as enzymes and structural components of cells/organisms • Polymer of amino acids • Multiple levels of molecular organization • Primary structure • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

  12. Amino Acids • Central carbon atom with attached • Amino group • Carboxylic acid group • “R” substitution group/side chain • Hydrogen

  13. Peptide Bonds • Two amino acids become linked by a hydrolytic reaction between the amino group on one and the acid group on the other. • Note: this leaves a free amino and acid group for additional bonds.

  14. Levels of Protein Structure • Primary structure • Linear sequence of amino acids • Ultimately this determines all other levels of structure • Secondary structure • Folding of the amino acid chain into repeating structures -- alpha helix and pleated sheets

  15. Secondary Structure

  16. Tertiary structure • Folding into a globular form due to intramolecular interactions • Hydrogen bonds • Ionic interactions • Sulfur bridges • Hydrophobic interactions

  17. Quaternary Structure • Some proteins are made of multiple protein chains which associate • Example hemoglobin

  18. Nucleic Acids • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Carries all the genetic information of the organism • RNA • Ribonucleic acid • Transfer of information from DNA to proteins

  19. Components of Nucleic Acids • Phosphates • Sugar • RNA: ribose • DNA: deoxyribose • Bases • Purines • Pyrimidines

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