1 / 44

High Middle Ages- part I: The Growth of Royal Power

High Middle Ages- part I: The Growth of Royal Power. Honors Western Civilization Mrs. Civitella. I. Growth of Royal Power. During the Early Middle Ages- 500-1300 A.D.:. II. Trade led to an increase in Royal power. Feudal warfare disrupted trade

jovan
Download Presentation

High Middle Ages- part I: The Growth of Royal Power

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. High Middle Ages- part I:The Growth of Royal Power Honors Western Civilization Mrs. Civitella

  2. I. Growth of Royal Power During the Early Middle Ages- 500-1300 A.D.:

  3. II. Trade led to an increase in Royal power • Feudal warfare disrupted trade • The new middle class (merchants living in trading cities) preferred powerful kings who encouraged trade: • Reduced tolls on trade routes • Reduced sales taxes • Kings established royal courts • Royal courts administered uniform laws throughout the country

  4. III. Trade benefited kings • Wealthier towns could be more heavily taxed • Paid soldiers were hired for royal armies (lessened the dependence on feudal lords for military protection of the kingdom) Monarchs took advantage of political, economic, and social changes to centralize power

  5. IV. The Anglo-Saxons • The Norman Conquest • 1066 Anglo-Saxon Edward the Confessor died without an heir to the throne • Three rival kings all claimed rights to the throne • One of the claimants was William, the Duke of Normandy • A cousin of the Edward • Descendant of the Vikings (tough) • Vassal of the French king • Held a feudal stronghold in northwestern France

  6. Battle of Hastings • Gathering a force of several hundred boats and some 6,000 soldiers, he invaded England in 1066 A.D. • He had the backing of the Pope • William defeated Harold, the king chosen by the Anglo-Saxon nobles, on Christmas Day 1066 • The victory gave William the English crown and the title William the Conqueror

  7. V. The Growth of Royal Power A. William I was very involved in the decisions of his kingdom • He took Anglo-Saxon lands and kept some for himself • Gave some land to his Norman (French) vassals in return for military service • Gave some land to the Church • He required every vassal to swear allegiance to him (instead of a feudal lord)

  8. Growth of royal power continued • In 1086, William had a complete census taken to determine taxable wealth • This was the first census of western Europe taken since Roman times • Every person, manor, and farm animal was counted • The census data was recorded in the Domesday Book

  9. VI. A blending of English and French culture • William I’s court and nobles were French-speaking • England’s population remained largely Anglo-Saxon • Over the next 300 years Norman French and Anglo-Saxon ways blended to form a new English culture

  10. 4. William’s heirs increase royal power • Henry I, William’s son (ruled 1100-1135) created the royal exchequer, or treasury to efficiently collect taxes • Henry I expanded the power of royal courts by sending circuit judges into the countryside • In each town, a circuit judge ordered juries to report on crimes and disputes

  11. 5. Henry II established an early jury system • The jurors made their decisions based on whatever facts were generally known • Eventually two types of juries developed: • grand jury- decided what cases would be brought to trial • trial jury- gave verdicts on the cases

  12. VII. Common Law and dependence on the King • Any free man could bring a case before a royal court • These court decisions became the basis for common law • Accepted legal principles were applied to everyone throughout England • Royal courts increased the people’s dependence on the King • Fees and fines of the court increased the treasury of the King

  13. VIII. Henry II vs. Thomas Becket Henry II came into power in England in 1154 In 1162 Henry II made Thomas Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury Becket had been a long-time advisor and friend to the King Prior to Henry’s reforms, members of the clergy who were accused of a crime could claim “benefit of the clergy” and were tried in Church courts Church punishments were much less severe than those of feudal or royal courts In 1162 Henry declared that everyone, even clergy, must be tried for crimes in royal courts

  14. Henry II vs. Thomas Becket • Becket protested and claimed that clergy were not subject to royal laws and royal courts • Becket excommunicated one of Henry’s vassals • This meant that the vassal could no longer serve in the royal army • This put the Church and the King in direct conflict with one another

  15. In 1170 Henry ordered four of his knights to execute Becket • They assassinated Becket in Canterbury Cathedral after he finished mass • The assassination backfired on Henry • The English people were upheld that Becket was murdered • He became a martyr

  16. IX. Becket the Martyr • The Church made Thomas Becket as saint • Miracles were said to have taken place at his tomb • Canterbury Cathedral became a major pilgrimage and tourist site in England • Henry backed down on the issue of clergy being tried in royal courts

  17. X. King John and the Magna Carta • John (Henry II’s youngest son) reigned from 1190-1220 • He inherited a huge debt • John believed that the nobles in England were plotting against him • In 1204 John lost the region of Normandy to France • He spent much of his reign trying to get it back

  18. XI The Magna Carta • John put enormous taxes on the English people in an attempt to get out of debt and fight the war • He alienated the Church by not accepting the Pope’s nominee for archbishop of Canterbury • Pope Innocent III placed all of England under an interdict- no one in the country could receive any sacraments • In 1214, the nobles revolted and forced John to sign the Magna Cart “Great Charter”

  19. Magna Carta significance • Spelled out the rights of the nobility • Stated that the king was subject to the same rules of law as the nobility • The foundation for all constitutional government • Written on parchment in Latin • Copies were sent to churches throughout England

  20. Four times a year, the sheriffs had it read aloud in the county courts • After John’s death in 1216, the Magna Carta was modified and reissued

  21. XII. The development of Parliament • The new middle class (those engaged in business, craftsmanship, or trade) began to play an increasing role in European society • Henry III added townspeople (called Burgesses) to the Great Council that advised the king • In 1295, Edward called representatitives from the clergy, nobility and burgesses into session

  22. Parliament continued • This new legislative body was called the Model Parliament • By 1400, Parliament had divided into two chambers: • House of Lords- nobles and clergy • House of Commons- knights and burgesses

  23. Separation of powers • Eventually Parliament would be given the “power of the purse”, meaning the right to approve any new taxes • The “power of the purse” allowed Parliament to provide an important check on royal power

  24. XII. Monarchs in France • In 987, the Capetians (ruling family in France) made the throne hereditary • Won support of the Catholic Church • Built an efficient system of government agencies to carry out the King’s policy called a bureaucracy • collected taxes • enforced royal law

  25. XIII. The Estates General • Philip IV established a legislature in France in 1302 • The Estates General had three types of representatives: • first estate- clergy • second estate- nobles & the middle class • third estate- peasants and unskilled laborers

  26. XIV. The Holy Roman Empire • Unlike England and France, Germany remained divided because of disputes between the emperor, the pope, and powerful German nobles • In 1122, the pope and the emperor reached a settlement about choosing bishops

  27. The Holy Roman Empire vs. the Church • The emperor could appoint bishops and give them land • The pope could reject a candidate that they found unworthy • During the 1100s and 1200s Holy Roman emperors tried to gain control of Italy • The pope and his Italian nobles defeated the Germans

  28. In 284, emperor Diocletian divided the empire into two parts to make it easier to govern. He kept control of the wealthier eastern part but appointed a co-emperor to rule the western provinces

  29. XV. The Byzantine Empire • After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A. D., the western region of the Roman Empire fell leading to the “dark ages” • The eastern part of the empire did not fall, it became known as the Byzantine Empire • The capital was Constantinople (named for the Roman Emperor Constantine

  30. Byzantine Empire 395-1453 A.D. • Strengths of the Empire: • Efficient government • Loyal, well-trained army • Strong economy (trade flourished) • Constantinople became the center of world commerce (trade)

  31. The Byzantine Empire

  32. E. Fall of the Byzantine Empire • Civil wars over succession weakened the empire • Late in the eleventh century, Seljuk Turks (Muslims) invaded Byzantium • The Byzantine Empire seeks help from the Roman Catholic Church leading to the crusades • By 1453, the Ottoman Empire took Constantinople and changed the name of the capital from Constantinople to Istanbul

More Related