1 / 28

Fricatives, part II

Fricatives, part II. November 21, 2012. Announcements. For Friday: spectrogram matching exercise! Fricatives and possibly glides, too. Final exam has been (re-)scheduled: Tuesday, December 18th, 9:00-11:00 Science B 146. Fricative Place of Articulation.

jovianne
Download Presentation

Fricatives, part II

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Fricatives, part II November 21, 2012

  2. Announcements • For Friday: spectrogram matching exercise! • Fricatives and possibly glides, too. • Final exam has been (re-)scheduled: • Tuesday, December 18th, 9:00-11:00 • Science B 146

  3. Fricative Place of Articulation • A fricative’s place of articulation is where, in the vocal tract, its turbulence noise is made. • Fricatives may be produced at essentially any place of articulation. • At different places of articulation, fricatives will have: • Different filters • based on the area and shape of the vocal tract in front of the obstruction of the airflow • Different sound sources • based on flow of air through the obstruction

  4. Turbulence Sources • For fricatives, turbulence is generated by forcing a stream of air at high velocity through either a narrow channel in the vocal tract or against an obstacle in the vocal tract. • Channel turbulence • produced when airflow escapes from a narrow channel and hits inert outside air • Obstacle turbulence • produced when airflow hits an obstacle in its path

  5. Obstacles, Channels, Walls • General rule of thumb: obstacle turbulence is much noisier than channel turbulence • [f] vs. • Also: obstacle turbulence is louder, the more perpendicular the obstacle is to the airflow • [s] vs. [x] • [x] is a “wall fricative” • Rule of thumb: voiced fricatives are hard to make. • In fact, fricatives are kind of hard to make in general.

  6. Fricatives = difficult • Fricatives require great articulatory precision. • it’s necessary to create a narrow channel through which air can flow. • (and hold it) • ballistic vs. controlled articulations • Some data for [s]: (Subtelny et al., 1972) • alveolar constriction  1 mm • incisor constriction  2-3 mm • Larger constriction sizes result in -like sounds • Also: voiced fricatives are even more difficult • Why?

  7. Some Typology • Languages with the following number of fricatives • From the UPSID database (total of 316 languages) • Voiceless Voiced Voiced/Voiceless • [s] 266 [z] 96 0.36 • 146 51 0.34 • [f] 135 [v] 67 0.50 • [x] 75 40 0.53 • 29 13 0.45 • 21 32 1.52 • 18 21 1.16

  8. Some Typology • Languages with the following number of fricatives • From the UPSID database (total of 316 languages) • Voiceless Voiced Voiced/Voiceless • 21 32 1.52 • 18 21 1.16 • 17 3 0.17 • [ç] 16 7 0.43 • 13 9 0.69

  9. Aerodynamics • Note: voiced fricatives have two sound sources. • one at the glottis • one at the fricative constriction • In voicing, air rushes through the glottis in short, regular bursts • Glottis is closed part of the time •  Difficult to maintain a steady stream of flowing air at the fricative constriction. •  Frication (second source) can be lost

  10. vs. [s] [z]

  11. Some More Typology # of Fricatives # of languages % of total 0 21 6.6% 1 37 11.7% 2 62 19.6% 3 47 14.8% 4 37 11.7% 5 26 8.2% 6 28 8.8% 7 19 6.0% 8 20 6.3% > 8 22 6.4%

  12. Fricative Fun Facts • Of the 21 languages without any fricatives, 15 are Australian languages • Hawaiian is another example • Australian languages also tend to lack affricates • But remember: many Australian languages have five or more place contrasts for stops. • Kabardian has the most fricatives: 22 • Kabardian also has 2 (count ‘em) vowels • Languages with one fricative: [s] • Languages with two fricatives: [s], or [s], [f] • Languages with three fricatives: [s], , [f]

  13. Sibilants • [s] and are known as sibilant fricatives • Sibilants have more acoustic energy at higher frequencies than other fricatives • Two reasons why: • they are obstacle fricatives • = the back of the upper teeth •  louder than other fricatives • small, short resonating filter • = between constriction and the lips •  higher frequencies resonate

  14. [s] vs. [f] “sigh” “fie” • Note: acoustic energy for [f] is weaker, and spread more evenly across all frequencies

  15. vs. “shy” “thigh”

  16. vs. [s] “sigh” “shy”

  17. Acoustic Enhancement • Note: is post-alveolar and [s] is alveolar •  more space in vocal tract in front of • including a “sub-lingual cavity” • This “filter” of resonates at lower frequencies • In English, this acoustic distinction is enhanced through lip rounding for • this extends the vocal tract • further lowers the resonant frequencies of

  18. The Sub-lingual Cavity • Let’s check the videotape...

  19. Behind the Constriction [s] • Let’s check the ultrasound…

  20. Other Examples • Susie and David say “speech”: • Also: Where the shtreets have no name • Or: Tina Fey • Note: there are no word-initial /sr/ sequences in English. • “shriek” *“sreek”

  21. Polish • Note: lip-rounding can be used to enhance other fricative contrasts • In Polish, it enhances the contrast between (post-)alveolar and dental fricatives • the (post-)alveolars have the rounding

  22. Polish, continued • Polish also has what are known as alveolo-palatal fricatives. • = constriction in the post-alveolar region • + raised tongue in the palatal region (behind the fricative)

  23. Polish Sibilants

  24. vs.

  25. Palatography [kasa]

  26. Palatography

  27. Polish Clusters • Just for kicks...

  28. Four Fricatives

More Related