THE RENAISSANCE!

1. THE RENAISSANCE!

2. Remember we are coming out of the Middle Ages/Dark Ages

3. Begins in Italy & slowly spreads through Europe Italy- Renewed interest in Ancient Greece & Rome Italy still had reminders of Ancient Rome Statues, coins, buildings Beginning of the Renaissance & the Italian City States

4. Italy was different from other European countries Italian cities were prosperous Cities were centers for trade & manufacturing Italian merchants became very wealthy Gained Political & Economic influence in Italy Stressed importance of education & individual achievements Beginning of the Renaissance & the Italian City States

5. Created successful banking & manufacturing businesses in Florence One of richest families in Europe Medicis gained control of the government of Florence in 1434 The family continued to rule Florence for years Medici Family

6. Lorenzo Medici- “The Magnificent’ Skilled politician & patron of the arts Medici palace housed many poets, philosophers, artists Many artists learned to sketch the Roman statues in the gardens of the Medici palace The Medici Family

7. Political/Economic/Cultural/ Social changes New Worldviews -people changed the way they viewed themselves and their world Many felt this was a time of rebirth after the disorder & disunity of the Medieval world Renaissance thinkers explored human experiences on earth (here & now, not life after death like during the Medieval Period) Emphasis on individual achievement Ideal person was talented in many fields What was the Renaissance?

8. Intellectual movement- focused on worldly topics, not religious topics Many humanist scholars were pious Christians who wanted to use the knowledge of the ancients to increase their knowledge about the present world Education should stimulate your creative powers! Focus on studying the humanities-- Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, & history like the ancients studied Humanism

9. Poets, Artists, Scholars, Politicians all mingled with each other at the courts of Renaissance rulers Many ‘how-to’ books were written to help ambitious people rise in the Renaissance world Renaissance Writers

10. The Book of the Courtier Describes manners, skills, learning, and virtues of members of court Should be well educated, well mannered, aristocrat who has mastered many fields Poetry to sports men- athletic but not overactive, good at games, but not a gambler, plays an instrument, knows literature & history but is not arrogant Women- graceful and kind, lively, but reserved, beautiful Outter beauty is the sign of inner goodness ha! Baldassare Castiglione

11. Was a diplomat in Florence He observed kings & princes in foreign courts Studied Roman history The Prince- combines his experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power. He used real rulers as examples Stressed that the end justifies the means Rulers should usewhatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals. Getting results is more important than keeping promises Machiavelli

12. He believed he was the enemy of oppression & corruption Critics felt he was cynical and inspired by the devil Today most believe Machiavelli had a realistic view of politics He raises important ethical questions about the nature fo government and the use of power Machiavelli

13. Northern Europe recovered much slower than in Italy (Black Death) Began economic growth in 1450 Flanders was the site of the beginning of the Northern Renaissance Present day France, Belgium, Netherlands Spain, France, Germany will not experience the Renaissance until the 1500s The Northern Renaissance

14. Focused more on religious themes than the Italians Believed the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reform Northern Humanists

15. Dutch priest & humanist Created a new edition of the New Testament Was in favor of the Bible translated into the vernacular of Europeans An individual’s chief duties are to be open minded and have good will toward others Did not like the corruption in the Church and wanted reform The Praise of Folly- humor to expose the ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of his day including the clergy Erasmus

16. Utopia- Describes an ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony No one is idle Everyone is educated Justice is used to end crimes “At the first constitution of their government, Utopus made a law that every man might be of what religion he pleased, and might endeavor to draw others to it by the force of argument, abd by amicable and modest ways, but without bitterness against those of other opinions.’ Thomas More

17. Gargantua & Pantagruel Adventures of 2 gentle giants Tale of travel & war Characters offer opinions on religion, education, etc. Written in vernacular Demanded by Middle Class Francois Rebelais

18. 37 Plays Comedies Tragedies Love 1,700 words added to our language Shakespeare

19. Don Quixote- Tale that mocks medieval notions of chivalry Follows the adventures of Don Quixote a foolish & idealistic knight and Sancho Panza his faithful servant Cervantes

20. 1456 Printed first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West Movable type made book production even easier By 1500 20 million books had been printed Printed books cheaper and easier to produce than hand copied books More people learned to read Readers had access to more knowledge Medicine, science, law, New ideas could spread Johann GutenbergPrinting REVOLUTION

21. ART

22. Patrons, Popes, Princes supported the work of hundreds of artists Art reflected humanist concerns Religious figures were set against Greek or Roman backgrounds Portraits of well known people Humanism & Art

23. Perspective- making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer. Making the painting look 3 dimensional Shading & Light - made objects look rounded and real Human Anatomy- sculptors studied models to paint/sculpt people more accurately New Techniques in Art

24. Leonardo Michelangelo Raphael 3 Genius Renaissance Artists

25. Leonardo da Vinci • Artist • Sculptor • Architect • Scientist • Engineer • Inventor • ‘ The Renaissance Man’- very talented in diverse areas. • Drew on knowledge from other interests to become a great painter • -Was a scientific observer. Learned by looking at things. • Studied the human form and disected 30+ unclaimed cadavers from a hospital to understand muscles • Studied light, anatomy, landscape, human expressions

26. Leonardo da Vinci • Vitruvian Man • Self-Portrait • Notebooks • Mona Lisa • The Last Supper

27. Known for representing the human body in 3-D sculptures David The Pieta The Sistine Chapel Sculptor Painter Architect- Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome Michelangelo

28. Studied Leonardo, Michelangelo & others Blend Christian & Classical styles Most known for his Madonnas School of Athens- Imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Also included himself, Michelangelo, & Leonardo Raphael

29. Raphael • Betrothal of the Virgin • Canagiani Madonna • Madonnas • The School of Athens • The Liberation of St. Peter

30. Jan van Eyck • Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpeice • The Crucifixion • The Last Judgement • Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife

31. 1490s went to Italy to study techniques Paintings & Engravings Etched design on a metal plate with acid Plate can then be used to make prints He helped to spread Italian Renaissance ideas Nicknamed the ‘German Leonardo’ because of his many interests Albrecht Durer

32. Albrecht Durer • Self Portrait • The Last Supper • The Triumphal Arch • Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

33. Vibrant colors Scenes of peasant life Influenced future artists who would focus on daily life themes and not religious or classical themes Tower of Babel The Peasant Dance The Beggars Netherlandish Proverbs Pieter Bruegel

34. Blended realistic traditions with classical themes Enormous paintings Depict pagan figures from the classical past Peter Paul Rubens

35. Brunelleschi • Brunelleschi’s Dome • The dome of Santa Maria del Fiorein Florence (1420-1446)

36. Weighing 37,000 tons and using more than 4,000,000 bricks, Brunelleschi's dome was the greatest architectural feat in the Western world.

37. 14.5 Scientific Revolution

38. Until mid 1500s many Europeans believed Ptolemy’s theory that the Earth was the center of the universe It seemed like common sense and it is what the Church believed Changing view of universe

39. Heliocentric view of the universe The sun is the center of the universe and the earth is just a planet that revolves around the sun His idea was rejected by many ‘experts’ If Ptolemy’s ideas were wrong then the whole system of human knowledge might be called into question Nicolaus Copernicus

40. Set up an observatory and accumulated data that supported Copernicus Kepler Used Brahe’s data to calculate orbits of the planets revolving around the sun. This supported Copernicus Also, each planet does not move in a perfect circle but in an ellipse Tycho Brahe& Johannes Kepler

41. Brahe • His research supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory • Created a astronomical lab and he observed the night sky and collected data about the movement of the stars & planets

42. Kepler • Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun • This also supported Copernicus • He showed planets moved in an ellipse

43. Created an astronomical telescope Able to observe the moons of Jupiter moving slowly around the planet Just like Copernicus said the Earth moves around the sun Scholars attacked him bc his observations contradicted ancient views about the world The Church condemned him bc his views challenged Christian teachings Galileo was tried in court & threatened with death if he did not recant his ideas. “It does move!” Galileo

44. Observation & Experimentation Step by step process Propose a hypothesis to explain data Test the hypothesis with observation & experimentation Reach a conclusion and repeat the work at least once to confirm the findings Scientific Method

45. ‘Truth is not known at the beginning of inquiry, but at the end’ Bacon stressed experimentation & observation He wanted science to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies Break from medieval tradition of making the physical world fit in with the teachings of the Church. Francis Bacon

46. Rene Descartes • Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding • Discourse on Method- discard all traditional authorities and search for provable knowledge “ I think therefore I am”

47. Gravity Used math to show that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun. Nature follows uniform laws We have Newton to thank for calculus! Isaac Newton

48. Robert Boyle- discovered difference between elements and chemical compounds Explained effects of temperature and pressure on gasses Chemistry

49. Medicine • Andreas Vesalius- • first accurate detailed study of human anatomy

50. Ambroise Pare- • developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infections • William Harvey • described circulation of the blood • Anthony van Leeuwenhoek • perfected the microscope and became the first person to see cells & micro-organisms