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DNA

DNA. D eoxyribose N ucleic A cid say: dee-ox-EAR-i-bose new-CLAY-ik A-sid (Genetic Material). What is DNA?. DNA is the genetic material of all living things on the planet. It is found in the nucleus of your cells.

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DNA

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  1. DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid say: dee-ox-EAR-i-bose new-CLAY-ik A-sid (Genetic Material)

  2. What is DNA? • DNA is the genetic material of all living things on the planet. • It is found in the nucleus of your cells. • DNA holds the instructions to make all things in your body work properly.

  3. Where is DNA found? • DNA is found in the nucleus of all plant and animal cells. • It is wound up in tight chromosomes.

  4. What does DNA look like? • Shape of a double helix or a twisted ladder. • The steps of the ladder are called “base pairs” • The bases: • Adenine (A) say: A-da-nine • Guanine (G) say: GWAY-nine • Thymine (T) say: THIGH-min • Cytosine (C) say: SITE-oh-seen

  5. Base Pairs • Each of the bases have a partner they pair off with. • Adenine (A) always partners with Thymine (T) • Cytosine (C) always partners with Guanine (G) A T C G G C T A G C

  6. Complementary Strand What is the complementary strand for the following sequence? A A T G T C A T G C T A C G G A C T T A C A G T A C G A T G C C T G

  7. Mistakes Happen • If the wrong bases pair off with one another it’s called a mutation. • Most mutations are harmless. • Some can be serious. A T C G G A T C G C

  8. DNA Replication • This is when DNA makes a copy of itself. • Usually when the cell divides, a copy of the instructions (DNA) is given to the new cell.

  9. How does DNA control the cell? • A cell’s DNA needs to change forms. • DNA cannot leave the nucleus to give commands, so it needs to make a smaller copy of itself called RNA. • RNA leaves the nucleus and is read by the ribosome. say: RYE-boh-sohm • The ribosome then makes a protein. • The protein is DNA’s command.

  10. Making RNA DNA DNA Unwinds RNA RNA is made RNA has DNA’s instructions and can leave the nucleus

  11. Changing DNA to RNA • Transcription • To figure out the RNA sequence, base pairs still need to match up. • A with T, C with G (for DNA) • In RNA the rules still apply, but anywhere a T should be, it is replaced by Uracil (U). say: YUR-uh-sill

  12. What is the RNA sequence? DNA RNA T A A U T A C G C G T A G C A U

  13. What is a gene? • A gene is a section of DNA that has instructions for a particular trait. • Some genes are dominant (stronger) • Some genes are recessive (weaker) • Each organism inherits a gene from each parent. • Each organism has 2 genes per trait.

  14. Inheritance • In the example, each flower has a trait for color: red or yellow. • The offspring inherited a red gene from one parent and a yellow gene from the other parent. • Red was the expressed color, so it is considered dominant.

  15. Where did the color come from? • There was a section of DNA which had the information for color. • The RNA form is made and read into a protein that expresses the color. DNA RNA Protein Expressed color

  16. References • http://www.pitt.edu/~hpsdept/images/double_helix.gif, Access Date: Dec. 12, 2006 • http://www.bst.ntu.edu.tw/images/double%20helix%20c.jpg, Access Date: Dec. 12, 2006 • http://www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/imperial_Burgoine/origins.txt.html, Access Date: Dec. 12, 2006 • http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol1/biochem/trans98.jpg, Access Date: Dec. 12, 2006 • http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/transcription.gif, Access Date: Dec. 13, 2006

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