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DNA

DNA. Hmwk: take notes for an open note quiz. p. 287-290 Focus: Who did the experiment? What did they do? What did they conclude? Key words/vocabulary. Open note quiz p. 287-290. 1. What disease was Griffith studying?

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DNA

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  1. DNA

  2. Hmwk: take notes for an open note quiz • p. 287-290 • Focus: Who did the experiment? • What did they do? What did they conclude? Key words/vocabulary.

  3. Open note quiz p. 287-290 • 1. What disease was Griffith studying? • 2. What did Griffith call the process by which the harmless bacteria became harmful? • 3. What was the purpose of Avery in repeating Griffith’s experiment? In other words, what did he want to know?

  4. 4. What was the conclusion of Avery’s experiment? • 5. A virus that infects bacteria is called a: • 6. What did Hershey & Chase use to track DNA and proteins?

  5. Big ideas • Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. • Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.

  6. Essential knowledge • DNA and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information • Genetic information is stored in and passed to subsequent generations through DNA molecules • The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of historical experiments: Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins, Griffeth, Avery

  7. Essential knowledge continued • DNA is composed of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base, which form nucleotides • DNA is held together by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds • DNA is antiparallel and double stranded • DNA exhibits base pairing that is conserved through evolution : A-T and G-C (Chargoff’s rule)

  8. Essential knowledge continued • Purines & Pyrimidines differ in their carbon rings

  9. Learning outcomes • Be able to explain the experiments & conclusions of Griffeth and Avery’s research using Pneumococcus & mice. • Identify the 3 subunits of DNA & describe how they are put together to construct an intact molecule.

  10. Learning outcomes continued. • Understand the importance of Chargoff’s rules & the complementary nature of base pairing. • Describe Watson & Crick’s 3 dimensional model based the evidence provided by Rosalind Franklin.

  11. 1. What is DNA? • 2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid *. a chemical that stores genetic information *. the instructional material of chromosomes * Blueprint of life

  12. Griffith’s experiment

  13. 1. What experiments lead scientists to believe DNA was the “genetic material”? (read 287-290) 2. Griffith’s Transformation experiment 1928 * concluded: Streptococcus bacterial cells can pick up “free” genetic information * Griffith did not know the “free stuff” was DNA.

  14. Hypothesis: Material from dead cells can genetically transform live bacterial cells. Conclusion: A chemical substance from dead cells can genetically transform live cells.

  15. 2. Avery– 1944 * used the same Streptococcus bacteria strains (S & R) – *stripped dead S (smooth virulent strain) of protein *R (rough non-virulent) still transformed

  16. 2. Hershey and Chase experiment * Use radioactive markers to follow proteins & DNA • conclusion: • DNA enters Bacteria- • DNA is genetic • material

  17. Animation

  18. Quick check • 1. What is DNA? • 2. Describe the 2 strains of bacteria used by Griffith. • 3. What did Griffith do to the “deadly” bacteria in the experiment?

  19. 4. What happened to the “good” bacteria when mixed with the “deadly” solution? • 5. Explain what is meant by “transformation” with regard to the experiment. • 6. How did Avery alter Griffith’s experiment? What did he want to know that Griffith could not conclude?

  20. 7. Explain how Avery was able to conclude that DNA was the chemical that the bacteria picked up and transformed them. • 8. Explain how Hershey & Chase determined that DNA entered the cell from the virus.

  21. What has knowing about DNA done for us? Genetic disease knowledge/treatments Identification of unknowns: military, 911, abductions Exoneration from prison/ sentencing for prison

  22. 1. What is DNA’s structure? 2. DNA structure: *made of monomers called nucleotides * nucleotides are made of: -5 Carbon sugar (deoxyribose) - phosphate group (PO4) - nitrogen base

  23. Quick check

  24. Nitrogen bases are specifically paired • Adenine –Thymine (2 H bonds) • Guanine – Cytosine ( 3 H bonds)

  25. 2. Nitrogen bases are grouped as *purines (double carbon rings): adenine & guanine *pyrimidines (single carbon rings) cytosine & thymine

  26. Quick check

  27. 2. DNA is double stranded helix, with anti-parallel strands * 3’- 5’ strand * 5’- 3’ strand

  28. 2. Phosphodiester bonds hold one nucleotide to another –

  29. Extract DNA

  30. Lab: • Use the knex to build a DNA model. Will do tomorrow and 12.3 • Also assign a model making project… I like the toothpick or bead activity.

  31. Quick check

  32. Nitrogen bases are specifically paired • Adenine –Thymine ( __ H bonds) • Guanine – Cytosine ( __ H bonds)

  33. 2. __________ bases are grouped as *purines (________ carbon rings): adenine & guanine *pyrimidines (________ carbon rings) cytosine & thymine

  34. Quick check

  35. Quick check

  36. 1. How was the structure of DNA identified? 2. Erwin Chargoff: *Chargoff’s rule : The proportion of adenine equals that of thymine, and guanine equals that of cytosine -- therefore, purines are proportionate to pyrimidines

  37. 2. Rosalind Franklin: * Used X-ray diffraction to determine 3 dimensional structure of DNA --- worked with Maurice Wilkins

  38. Photo 51

  39. 2. James Watson & Francis Crick: *Used everyone else’s puzzle pieces (research) to build a model of DNA’s structure -- 1953 --- won Nobel Prize

  40. 2. Linus Pauling - 2 time Nobel Prize winner..... COMPETITION!!!!

  41. Video: Life story • 20 minute recap of how DNA structure was identified. • P. 355-357 DNA fingerprinting

  42. 1. What is DNA fingerprinting and what can we learn from it? What is DNA fingerprinting? - a method used to identify individuals based on unique fragments of DNA (RFLP, VNTR, STR)

  43. Secrets of the sequence- DNA/profiling http://video.vcu.edu/vod/sosq/sosq_115_1.mp4

  44. Timeline • Day: What is DNA & why is it important? & Experiments that identified DNA as the genetic stuff. • Day: What is DNA’s structure/function? Lots of modeling, examples etc…. Provide directions for building a DNA model at home.

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