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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology. Andrew D. Cummins. Review. Planes (Important for reference) Coronal (like a crown) Sagital (front to back, from the Latin word for arrow) Transverse (right through the middle). Source: Yassine Mrabet, wikipedia. Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization.

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Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology Andrew D. Cummins

  2. Review

  3. Planes (Important for reference) • Coronal (like a crown) • Sagital (front to back, from the Latin word for arrow) • Transverse (right through the middle) Source: Yassine Mrabet, wikipedia

  4. Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

  5. Atomic Stucture Protons (H+ or p+) Neutrons (no) Electrons (e-)  my favorite!

  6. Atomic number is the number of protons in an element. • The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom equal the number of electrons in its shells. • Energy levels or shells: • 1st shell can hold a max of 2 electrons • 2nd – 6th shells can hold a max of 8 electrons Drawing atoms

  7. Atomic Number

  8. Chemistry is the branch of science that considers the composition of matter and how this composition changes. • Chemistry is essential for understanding anatomy and physiology because body structures and functions result from chemical changes within cells.

  9. Matter is anything that has mass (weight) and takes up space. Matter is found in various forms, gases, liquids, and solids • Elements make up all matter. • Elements are composed of tiny particles called atoms. • The smallest complete units of elements are atoms.

  10. Nucleus is the central portion of the atom which contains neutrons (neutral) and protons (positive). • Electrons, which are extremely small, found outside the nucleus in energy shells or levels or rings have a negative charge. • What are the components of an atom that determine its electrical charge? • Protons and electrons

  11. Ionic bond between a metal and nonmetal they transfer electrons forming ions. • Ion atoms that gain or lose electrons (-) become electrically charged. • Covalent bond between two nonmetals they share electrons. • When atoms combine with other atoms, they can share an electron with another atom, lose an electron or gain an electron. Bond Types

  12. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. It indicates how acidic something is. • Acids have pH less than 7 • Neutral pH equal to 7 • Bases have pH greater than 7 Acids and Bases

  13. Proteins Proteins have a great variety of functions in the body---as structural materials, as energy sources, as certain hormones, as receptors on cell membranes, as antibodies, and as enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions. Building blocks of proteins are the amino acids (20) Proteins have complex shapes held together by hydrogen bonds. Protein shapes, which determine how proteins function, can be altered by pH, temperature, radiation, or chemicals. H bonds break this is called denatured.

  14. Amino Acids Alanine   Glutamic acid      Leucine Serine   Arginine Glutamine   Lysine   Threonine Asparagine   Glycine   Methionine 12.  Tryptophan 13. Aspartic acid      14. Histidine  15. Phenylalanine 16. Tyrosine   17. Cysteine   18. Isoleucine 19. Proline   20. Valine (NOTE: the 8 essential amino acids are in red.  These cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from food. Arginine and histidine are essential only for children.)

  15. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids form genes and take part in protein synthesis. They contain the elements C,H,O,N,P The building blocks are called nucleotides. Nucleic acids are of two major types: DNA (with deoxyribose) and RNA (with ribose).

  16. DNA & RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes. How many strands does it have? 2 Ribonucleic acid: RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis. How many strands does it have? 1

  17. Assignment • Read Chapter 3 • Complete review at end of the chapter. Prepare for the quiz (do not turn in). • Course Website: • http://acummins.wordpress.com • LABOR OMNIA VINCIT • (know what this means)

  18. Questions ?

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