STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation.

1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. CH 7-SEC 2 LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there. • Explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues. • Describe some of the organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. QUIZ! 1 2 1 2 1 First & Last Name Fill in your ID NUMBER! CH-7-2

4. Section 2 The Challenges of Urbanization The rapid growth of cities force people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation. NEXT

5. SECTION 2 The Challenges of Urbanization Urban Opportunities Immigrants Settle in Cities • Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities • Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs • Americanization movement—assimilate people into main culture • Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills - English, American history, cooking, etiquette • Ethnic communities provide social support Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest Most immigrants settled incities because of the available jobs & affordable housing By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities

7. Guided Reading

9. SECTION 2 continuedUrban Opportunities • Migration from Country to City • Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities • Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood • 1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence • Find segregation, discrimination in North too • Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension NEXT

10. MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century It also meant less labor was needed to do the job

11. Guided Reading

12. MIGRATION FROM Rural to Urban Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African Americans Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North

13. Guided Reading

14. Indian Assimilation School

15. Chapter 7; Section 2 • A – Why did native-born Americans start the Americanization movement? • To encourage newcomers to assimilate into the dominant culture.

16. URBAN PROBLEMS

17. SECTION 2 Urban Problems Transportation • Mass transit—move large numbers of people along fixed routes • By 20th century, transit systems link city to suburbs Continued . . . NEXT

18. URBAN PROBLEMS Transportation:Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems

20. Guided Reading

21. SECTION 2 Urban Problems Housing • Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses • Later, row houses built for single families • Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house • Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary Continued . . . NEXT

22. Problems in American cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included: Housing: overcrowded tenements (multi-family homes) were unsanitary URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

23. SECTION 2 continuedUrban Problems • Water • 1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare • Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Continued . . . NEXT

24. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common

25. Guided Reading

26. SECTION 2 continuedUrban Problems • Sanitation • Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection • Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses • - often do not do job properly • By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments Continued . . . NEXT

27. Sanitation

28. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air

30. Guided Reading

31. SECTION 2 continuedUrban Problems • Fire • Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters • Most firefighters volunteers, not always available • 1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments • Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer NEXT

32. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

33. Guided Reading

34. SECTION 2 continuedUrban Problems • Crime • As population grows, thieves flourish • Early police forces too small to be effective NEXT

35. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished

36. Guided Reading

37. PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITYRiis was a reformer who through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many REFORMERS MOBILIZE

38. Jacob Riis

39. Jacob Riis

40. Jacob Riis

41. Jacob Riis

42. Chapter 7; Section 2 • B – What housing problems did urban working-class families face? • Transportation difficulties, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions.

43. Jacob Riis

44. Chapter 7; Section 2 • C – How did conditions in cities affect people’s health? • Lack of clean water and inadequate sanitation spread disease.

45. SECTION 2 Reformers Mobilize The Settlement House Movement • Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty • Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation through service to poor • Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants • Run by college-educated women, they: - provide educational, cultural, social services - send visiting nurses to the sick - help with personal, job, financial problems • Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 NEXT

46. REFORMERS MOBILIZE The Social Gospel Movementpreached salvation through service to the poor

47. REFORMERS MOBILIZE Some reformers established Settlement Homes These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago) Jane Addams and Hull House

49. QUIZ! 1 2 1 2 1 First & Last Name Fill in your ID NUMBER! CH-7-2