STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation.

1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Identify differences between the North and the South. • Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad and other forms of protest against slavery. • Explain the political conditions that gave rise to the Republican Party and divided the Whigs.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery Disagreements over slavery heighten regional tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union. NEXT

4. THE DIVISIVE POLITICS OF SLAVERY Over the centuries, the Northern and Southern sections of the United States had developed into two very different cultural and economic regions There were also differences in geography and climate, as well as religious differences

6. The Union in Peril Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.

7. SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery Differences Between North and South Controversy over Slavery Worsens • Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor • Industrialized North does not depend on slavery • South tries to spread slavery in West • North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread NEXT

8. THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR Rural plantation economy Relied on slave labor “Peculiar Institution” created tension Southerners feared that the loss of slavery would mean lose of culture Family working the cotton field on a Plantation

9. THE NORTH BEFORE THE WAR The North had a more diverse economy Industry flourished Openly opposed slavery in the South and the new territories More urbanized than South BOSTON HARBOR

10. SECTION 1 Slavery in the Territories Statehood for California • California applies for statehood as free state in 1849; angers South NEXT

11. SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES The issue of whether slavery in California and the West would be legal led to heated debates in Congress Gold rush led to application for statehood for California Statehood for California • California applies for statehood as free state in 1849; angers South

12. SECTION 1 Slavery in the Territories The Compromise of 1850 • Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory • Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union • Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides • California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted • Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue in NM, Utah NEXT

13. COMPROMISE OF 1850 Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union CONGRESSIONAL DEBATE

16. SECTION 1 Protest, Resistance, and Violence Fugitive Slave Act • Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned • Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada Continued . . . NEXT

17. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW Under the law, runaway slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury Anyone helping a slave escape was jailed for 6 months and fined $1,000 Northerners were upset by the harshness of the new law and often helped hide fugitive slaves A HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW FURTHER INCREASED TENSIONS

19. SECTION 1 Protest, Resistance, and Violence The Underground Railroad • Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—escape routes from South • Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans Continued . . . NEXT

20. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Escape from slavery was dangerous and meant traveling on foot at night As time went on, African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would hide fugitive slaves ”Conductors” would hide runaways in tunnels and even cupboards

22. HARRIET TUBMAN One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman escaped slavery and vowed to help others do the same She made 19 trips back to South and freed over 300 slaves (Including her own parents) HARRIET TUBMAN 1820-1913

24. SECTION 1 Protest, Resistance, and Violence Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protests Continued . . . NEXT

25. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her influential novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin The book stressed the moralevil ofslavery Abolitionist protests increased Author Harriet Beecher Stowe Instant best seller sold 500,000 by 1857

26. SECTION 1 continuedProtest, Resistance, and Violence Tension in Kansas and Nebraska • Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line, closed to slavery • 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery NEXT

27. Kansas and Nebraska Act After Stephen Douglas worked to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, Kansas would vote to decide on whether slavery would be legal or outlawed This contradicted the 36’ 30’ of the Missouri Compromise

28. SECTION 1 continuedProtest, Resistance, and Violence “Bleeding Kansas” • Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas • Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas NEXT

29. BLEEDING KANSAS The race for Kansas was on. . .both supporters and opponents attempted to populate Kansas to win the vote over slavery As the election neared, a group of pro-slavery “border ruffians” from Missouri attempted to cross into Kansas Violence erupted – Blooding Kansas is the legacy Finally, after years of fighting, Kansas is admitted as a free state in 1861

31. SECTION 1 continuedProtest, Resistance, and Violence • Violence in the Senate • • Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew Butler • Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floor NEXT

32. Violence in the Senate Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew Butler Preston S. Brooks, Andrew Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floor

33. SECTION 1 New Political Parties Emerge • Slavery Divides Whigs • Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 • Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories • Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery NEXT

34. Slavery Divides WhigsNEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852 The political landscape by 1856 was very different than it had been just a few years earlier The Democrats were still alive but faced increasing challenge from new parties Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories Gone was the Whig Party An alternative was the Know-Nothing Party Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery Know-Nothing members answered questions by saying, “I know Nothing”

35. SECTION 1 New Political Parties Emerge • The Free-Soilers’ Voice • Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers NEXT

36. The Free-Soilers’ Voice Another party that emerged in the mid-19th century was the Free-Soilers They were northerners who opposed slavery in the territories Free-Soilers objections to slavery were based on economics not moral objection to slavery They believed slavery drove down wages for white workers “Soil”

37. SECTION 1 New Political Parties Emerge • The New Republican Party • Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories • Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856); secession averted NEXT

38. The New Republican Party REPUBLICANS EMERGE AS LEADING PARTY Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories As the party grew it took on Free-Soilers, some anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs, and Know-Nothings

40. SECTION 1 Conflicts Lead to Secession • The Dred Scott Decision • • Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom • Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen • North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery Continued . . . NEXT

41. THE DRED SCOTT DECISION Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom A major Supreme Court decision occurred when slave Dred Scott was taken by his owner to free states Illinois & Wisconsin Scott argued that that made him a free man Finally in 1857, the Court ruled against Dred Scott citing the Constitution’s protection of property South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery North angry; The decision increased tensions over slavery • DRED SCOTT LOST HIS CHANCE AT FREEDOM

43. SECTION 1 Conflicts Lead to Secession • Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln • Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave • Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment Continued . . . NEXT

44. LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES The 1858 race for U.S. Senate in Illinois was hotly contested between Republican Lincoln and Democratic Douglas One of the most celebrated debates in history ensued as the topic was slavery in the territories Douglas favored popular sovereignty Lincoln considers slavery immoral wanted a Constitutional Amendment

45. SECTION 1 continuedConflicts Lead to Secession • Harper’s Ferry • John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859) • Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed NEXT

46. The Raid on Harper’s Ferry While politicians debated the slavery issue, John Brown plotted a major slave revolt On October 16, 1859, he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia He hoped to seize a large federal arsenal, Wants to start slave uprising Federal troops put down the rebellion Brown was tried and executed ARSENAL BROWN

48. SECTION 1 continuedConflicts Lead to Secession • Lincoln Is Elected President • 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes NEXT

49. Lincoln Is Elected President 1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION Republicans nominated Abe Lincoln Democrats split vote between 3 democrat candidates. Lincoln won the 1860 election with less than half the popular vote and no Southern electoral votes The Southern states were not happy LINCOLN MEMORIAL

50. 1860 ELECTION RESULTS