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20 th Century India

20 th Century India. The last British Colony. The British East India Trading Company. The Crown Jewel – the Company saw India as a moneymaker Indian textiles and spices The Company ran the country like a business They many sure to get certain princes on their

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20 th Century India

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  1. 20th Century India The last British Colony

  2. The British East India Trading Company • The Crown Jewel – the Company saw India as a moneymaker • Indian textiles and spices • The Company ran the country like a business • They many sure to get certain princes on their side to support them

  3. Benefits of UK rule • Medicine, Transport, Communication, British Education

  4. Drawbacks to UK rule • Integration of British culture • Led to the loss of Indian culture • 30,000,000 die when the British force crop changes through the country

  5. Changing over to the UK • The Sepoy Rebellion (1857-58): the EIC was in control of India through subsidiary alliances but they were forcing out any leader without a legit claim to the throne • Used Indian troops to do that • Bacon fat led to the rebellion • Result: EIC is kicked out of control of India and the power falls to the India Office created quickly in Britain

  6. Still Changing Over • 1876 – Queen Victoria is named Empress of India with the Royal Titles Act of 1876 • 1885 – Creation of the Indian National Congress • Congress designed to get a more governing power for India in their own country • First Imperialized country to use nationalism as a reason for independence • Collection of Sikhs, Muslims, and Hindus • Realize that only violence works…

  7. Nope Still Working on That • 1906 – Muslim League • Form because of the Hindu Mahasabha - idea that in order to be Indian you must follow a Hindu way of life • start trying to convert Muslims to Hinduism • Violence surrounds the Mahasabha so the Muslim break away from the coalition creating the League within the Indian National Congress

  8. Enter Mohandas Gandhi • Educated in Britain he was a lawyer • Started with the Satyagraha Campaign • Designed to end the poor treatment of Indians in S. Africa • Used civil disobedience • Intentional • Non-violent • Breaking the law and accepting the consequences • Designed to change an unjust reality

  9. Effects of WWII • Viceroy of India declared war while the Congress declared neutrality • Nationalist leaders resigned their commissions and the country of India remained neutral until Japan was on their doorstep • Capture of Indian troops in Singapore • Creation of the Indian National Army – liberate Indian with Japanese support • Britain sued for peace with India, promising dominion status (self-rule under the protection of Britain) • Nehru is made leader and Britain given independence

  10. Independence and Partitions • Muslims supported the British the entire war so they want something in return • 16 July 1947 – creation of Pakistan • Hindu India and Muslim East and West Pakistan • Mass relocation through India • Mass violence – ethnic cleansing

  11. More Violence and the Death of Gandhi • Over 1 million dead as the mass migration finishes • 30 January 1948 – Gandhi assassinated by Hindu Nationalist for supporting partition

  12. Jawaharlal Nehru • Ally of Gandhi • 1st Prime Minister of India (1947-1961), secularist • Advocated Industrialization • Promoted “Green Revolution” • Socialist Economy

  13. A Free India • To aid poor, Nehru turns to Socialism • Economy weak, population on the rise • Tried to help lower castes • Stressed industry • Made Nonalignment to counter bi-polar world

  14. Non-Alignment Movement

  15. The Problem with Kashmir is… • Hindu governor brought Muslim population into Indian at the partition • Both sides want it…war • Still at odds…both are nuclear power

  16. US Sticks its Foot in its Mouth…Again • US sells F-16 jet to Pakistan – India angry

  17. India’s “Green Revolution” • Introduced higher – yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizer, and new irrigation techniques in 1965 • Established five-year plans to set economic goals • Goal – make India self-sufficient in food and grains

  18. Indira Gandhi…no relation • Nehru’s daughter, Prime Minister of India (1966-1984) • Continues Nehru’s policies • Faced corruption charges and internal nationalist rebellions • Implemented large scale sterilization as a form of birth control

  19. Another Gandhi Martyr • Violent Sikh separatists attack India • June 1984 – Raid on the Golden Temple • “Blue Star” – Indian troops attacked the temple to expel Sikh nationalists • 500 dead • Two Sikh bodyguards killed Gandhi in retaliation

  20. Its Becoming a Family Affair • Rajiv Gandhi, son of Indira, in power • Brings capitalism • Bombed for economic changes • These changes saved India

  21. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly • World’s largest democracy • Excellent economic growth • Still split by ethnic and religious factions • Terrible poverty in large areas

  22. Religious Violence Explodes • 13 May 2008 – Jaipur bombs kill 63, 200+ wounded • Aug 2007 – Bombs in open-air auditorium and restaurant in Hyderabad kill more than 40 • May 2007 – Bomb in historic Hyderabad mosque kills 14 • February 2007 – Twin blasts on train travelling from Delhi to Pakistan kills at least 66 people near Panipat • July 2006 – More than 160 killed by seven bombs on trail network in Mumbai • March 2006 – Bombs at Hindu temple and railway station in Varanasi kill 15 • October 2005 – Three blasts in Delhi kill 62

  23. Pakistan • Led for a minute by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (friend of Gandhi) • Strong Islamic fundamentalism • Impoverished • 1958 - Muhammad Ayub Khan takes control • Pakistan divides in 1972 – • W. Pakistan – Pakistan • E. Pakistan - Bangladesh

  24. Benazir Bhutto • First female prime minister – 1988 • Kicked out in 1990 for corruption • Assassinated in 2008 • Nawaz Sharif • Kicked out three times • Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists

  25. Gen. Pervez Masharaff • Coup d’etat made Secular gov’t against Islamic fundamentalists • US ally in the “War on Terror”

  26. Major Problems & Issues in Pakistan Today • Economic development • Political instability/militarydictator (Musharraf forced out and Bhutto killed in 2008, Zardari now the President) • Hindu-Muslim tension • Kashmir (Nuclear Threat) • Three wars have been fought over Kashmir (1948, 1965, 1971) • Terrorism – Deal making with the Taliban has backfired

  27. It should always end with hope… • 29 April 2010 – India and Pakistan agree to restart peace talks • April 2010 – offensive stance by Pakistani Taliban to target pro-Pakistan local leaders

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