Chapter 12, Sections 1 -- 3

1. Chapter 12, Sections 1 -- 3 Supreme Court Decision Making

2. :Bell Ringer Before selecting or accepting a case, the Supreme Court operates by the "rule of four." The "rule of four" refers to: (p333) • a) Four people have to be involved in the case to make it worth their time. • b) Four of the nine justices agree to accept the case. • c)"Rule of four" refers to the number of cases accepted in a 6-month period (4 in 6). • d) "Rule of four" refers to the time period (4 months) in which a lower court can refer a case to the Supreme Court.

3. Essential Question • What process does the Supreme Court use when it declares a law to be unconstitutional? The Scales of Justice

4. The Court’s Procedures • During the term the Court sits for 2 consecutive weeks each month. They listen to lawyers on both sides of the cases before them. Later they announce their opinions on cases they have heard. • After the 2-week sitting, the Court recesses and the justices work privately on paperwork. They also work on opinions – written statements on cases they have already decided.

5. How Cases Reach the Court • Some cases begin at the Supreme Court because they fall under its original jurisdiction. Most of the cases, however, reach the Supreme Court as appeals from lower court decisions. • The main route to the Supreme Court is by a writ of certiorari (suhr-shee-uh-RAR-ee)– an order from the Supreme Court to a lower court to send up the records on a case for review.

6. (How Cases Reach the Court , continued) (The Supreme Court is free to choose which cases it will consider, and it rejects more than 90% of requests for certiorari.) • On appeal – Some reach the Supreme Court on appeal which means the decision of a lower federal or state court has been requested to be reviewed.

7. (How Cases Reach the Court , continued) • The Solicitor General – Close to ½ of the cases decided by the Supreme Court involve the federal government in the suit. The solicitor general is appointed by the president and represents the federal government before the Supreme Court. • Selecting Cases – In deciding to select (or accept) a case, the Court operates by the “rule of four.” If four of the nine justices agree to accept the case, the Court will do so.

8. (How Cases Reach the Court , continued) • When the justices accept a case, they also decide whether to ask for more information from the opposing lawyers. If the Court rules without consulting new information, the ruling may be announced with a per curiam (purhkyur-ee-ahm) opinion – a brief, unsigned statement of the Court’s decision.

10. Steps in Deciding Major Cases • Submitting Briefs – After the Court accepts a case, the lawyers on each side submit a brief (a written statement setting forth the legal arguments, relevant facts, and precedents supporting one side of a case.)

11. (Steps in Deciding Major Cases, continued) • People who aren’t involved in the case, but have an interest in the outcome or have useful information, may also submit written briefs. These briefs are called amicus curiae (uh-mee-kuhs-KYUR-ee-eye) – or “friend of the court.”

12. (Steps in Deciding Major Cases, continued) • Oral Arguments– After briefs are filed, a lawyer for each side is asked to present an oral argument before the Court. The lawyers speak from a lectern that has a red light and a white light. The white light flashes 5 minutes before the lawyer’s time is up. When the red light comes on, the lawyer must stop talking immediately.

13. (Steps in Deciding Major Cases, continued) • The Conference – On Wednesdays and Fridays the justices meet to discuss the cases they have heard, then one of the most secret meetings in Washington, D.C., begins. A majority of justices must be in agreement to decide a case, and at least 6 justices must be present for a decision.

14. (Steps in Deciding Major Cases, continued) • Writing the Opinion – For major cases, the Court issues at least one written opinion. The opinion states the facts of the case, announces the Court’s ruling, and explains it s reasoning in reaching the decision. The Court issues 4 kinds of opinions. • Unanimous Opinion – All justices vote the same way. (About 1/3 of the Court’s decisions are unanimous.) • Majority Opinion – the majority of the justices agree.

15. (Steps in Deciding Major Cases, continued) • Concurring Opinion – One or more justices agree with the conclusions about the case, but for a different reason, write a concurring opinion. • Dissenting Opinion – the opinion of justices on the losing side in a case.

16. Shaping Public Policy • Tools for Shaping Public Policy • Judicial Review – The Supreme Court’s powr to examine the laws and actions of local, state, and national governments and to cancel them if they violate the Constitution is called judicial review. The Supreme Court first assumed the power of judicial review and ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional in the case of Marbury v Madison in 1803. Since then the Court has invalidated about 150 provisions of federal law.

17. (Shaping Public Policy, continued) • Judicial Review and Civil Rights – The Court may also review presidential policies. Recently, in the case of Train v City of New York (1975), the Court limited the president’s power to impound, or refuse to spend, money Congress has appropriated. • Judicial review of state laws and actions may have as much significance as the Court’s activities at the federal level. In Miranda v Arizona (1966), the Court ruled that police had acted unconstitutionally and violated a suspect’s right. The Miranda decision brought major changes in law enforcement policies and procedures across the nation.

18. (Shaping Public Policy, continued) • Interpretation of Laws – Another way in which the Court shapes public policy is the way it interprets laws and applies them . If a ruling by Congress is vague, the Supreme Court, in the end, decides what congress means, and the impact of the rulings is felt across the nation.

19. (Shaping Public Policy, continued) • Overturning Earlier Decisions – One of the basic principles of law in making judicial decisions is stare decisis(STEHR-ee-dih-SY-suhs) – a Latin term that means “let the decision stand.” Under this principle, once the Court rules on a case, its decision serves a s precedent, or model on which to base other decisions in similar cases. (In 1967 the Court overturned the Olmstead decision (1928) ruling that a wiretap was a search and seizure under the 4th amendment and it required a court order.)

20. Limits on the Supreme Court • Despite its importance, the Court does not have unlimited powers. Restrictions on the types of issues and kinds of cases the Court will hear, limited control over its own agenda, lack of enforcement power, and the system of checks and balances curtail the Court’s activities. • Limits on Types of Issues – Over the years most Supreme Court decisions have dealt with civil liberties, economic issues, federal legislation and regulations, due process of law, and suits against government officials.

21. Limits on the Supreme Court, continued Limits on Types of Cases – The Court will hear only cases that meet certain criteria: • Cases where the decision will make a difference, not merely to decide a point of law. • It will not give advisory opinions --- a ruling on a law or action that has not been challenged. p340

22. Influencing Court Decisions Five forces shape the decisions the Court makes. They are : 1. existing laws 2. the personal views of the justices 3. the justices’ interactions with one another 4. social forces and public attitudes 5. Congress and the president.

23. Views of the justices • Because most justices take consistent positions in areas of personal concern, coalitions (alliances or agreements) among the justices sometimes form, causing voting blocson certain issues. • If the Court is badly split on an issue, a justice whose views are not consistent with either may represent a swing vote, or the deciding vote.

24. The End Supreme Court Building Dome