Session 6 – Making a good thematic map – Extracting or collecting geographic data

1. Session 6 – Making a good thematic map – Extracting or collecting geographic data Nan Thida Phyo - MOHS

2. Extracting or collecting geographic data How do you create geographic data? Geographic data = geospatial data + attributes • When it comes to the geospatial data (objects): • By using remote sensors placed on a satellite or in a plane (remote sensing) • By processing the images resulting from remote sensing (image processing) • By extracting the geographic coordinates of point type object or the topology of line/polygon objects from 1 or 2 (digitizing) • By collecting the geographic coordinates of places in the field using a GNSS enabled device (Surveying) The method you will most likely be using

3. Extracting or collecting geographic data How do you create geographic data? • When it comes to the geospatial data (objects) it is important to remember to comply to the defined dataset specification: • Scale of work • Accuracy and resolution for raster format geospatial data • Accuracy and precision level for vector format geospatial data

4. Extracting or collecting geographic data How do you create geographic data? • When it comes to attributes (statistics, information) • By attaching the attribute to its corresponding object, preferably through the use of its unique ID coming from the master list Master list Stats/Info District ID Attributes Geospatial data

5. Extracting or collecting geographic data How do you create geographic data? • When it comes to attributes (statistics, information) • It is therefore key that any field survey aiming at collecting health related data contains the necessary fields to link with the corresponding master list and its unique IDs! • Exercise 1

6. Extracting or collecting geographic data Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) Definitions • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS): Satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. This include the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, and other systems. • Geo-spatial positioning: The ability to locate yourself or an object on the surface of the earth. Generally using geographic coordinates expressed in terms of latitude and longitude

7. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – GPS vs GLONASS vs BEiDou vs Galileo All these systems allows to precisely identify locations on Earth

8. - Identifier • Almanac Data • (status & orbital info to • calculate which satellites • are visible) • Ephemeris Data • (precise orbital info to • calculate satellite location) Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – How does it work?

9. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – How does it work?

10. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – How does it work?

11. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – How does it work? Reason why you need at least 3 satellites signal to get a good reading (4 recommended)

12. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Source of signal errors Poor PDOP Good PDOP PDOP: Positional Dilution of Precision

13. Accuracy: 69 m Accuracy: 46 m Accuracy: 44 m Accuracy: 19 m Accuracy: 14 m Accuracy: 12 m Accuracy: 12 m Accuracy: 7 m Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Source of signal errors Better to have a good dispersion and looking at the accuracy measure given by the device

14. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Source of signal errors

15. 2 2 1 1 Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Source of signal errors Signal Multipath Take the reading in the most open space possible

16. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Which device (stand alone or phone + app) to use Large choice / differentprices! Minimum requirements: • 1. Allows to be set up as follow: • a. Position format: hddd.ddddd • b. Map datum: WGS84 • c. Map Spheroid WGS84 • d. Distance and speed: Metric • 2. Provide a reading with at least 5 digits to reach a level of precision down to the meter • 3. Display the following information: • a. Number of received satellite signals • b. Accuracy measure • 4. Havingaccess to both the GPS and GLONASS constellations is a plus

17. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Why latitude/longitude (Decimal degrees)? • Most comprehensive and powerful method of georeferencing • Standard, stable, unique, infinitely fine resolution • Uses a well-defined and fixed reference frame • Based on Greenwich (Prime) Meridian and Equator • Most used in geospatial technologies

18. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Scale, accuracy and precision 15 m Recommended

19. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Unit setting Match the data specifications Taking a reading Coordinates GPS and GLONASS on Accuracy value Satellite position Number of received satellite signals GNSS device Mobile phone + app

20. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Different data collection methods The one used today Without GNSS enabled devices Guide_HGLC_Part2_4_2.pdf Uses GNSS enabled devices https://www.healthgeolab.net/DOCUMENTS/Guide_HGLC_Part2_4_2.pdf

21. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – The importance of having a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)…. …and of TRAINING!!!! • Description of the device • How to use the device (buttons, batteries,…) • How to set it up • Step by step process to collect the reading Guide_HGLC_Part2_4_2.pdf

22. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Checking during data collection The better the data collection process is the less data cleaning/validating is needed Importance of defining and applying standards and protocols Checking for horizontal accuracy Collect information once - Use it many times !!!

23. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Checking during data collection Use of Google drive and Google Map if internet connection is available

24. Extracting or collecting geographic data GNSSs – Cleaning after data collection • Check and clean • Data collection date • Infrastructure name and code • Administrative division name spelling and code • Geographic coordinates Under preparation Painful process!! Better to directly collect the data properly

25. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) GNSSs – When you are done with the stand alone device • On site, between data collection points • For longer period of time Remove the batteries from the device Store the device in A dry place

26. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) GNSSs – Summary • Choose the appropriate device/method • Set the unit as per the data specifications • Use a pre-established SOP • Signal lost indoors and reflected off buildings and other near by objects => choose an open space • Takes time to calibrate and get accurate reading – wait 1 minute to finalize coordinates • Minimum 4 satellites • Collect coordinates with 5 digits after the decimal point • Ethics of mapping households and GPS tracking !!!

27. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) GNSSs – Android device and GPS Essentials • GPS Essentials is a free application available for Android-based devices with a built-in GNSS receiver. • It can be used as an alternative to dedicated GPS devices when collecting geographic coordinates as it complies with the specifications discussed in the previous slides.

28. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) GNSSs – Android device and GPS Essentials Separate document • Installation guide for GPS Essentials • SOP to follow and data collection form to use when collecting geographic coordinates using an android phone and GPS Essentials First exercise of this training Exercise 1