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VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING

VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING. GENERALIZED VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS BASED ON CHANGES IN A BUILDING’S ELEVATION AND FLOOR PLAN. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA. HAZARDS. EXPOSURE.

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VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING

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  1. VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING GENERALIZED VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS BASED ON CHANGES IN A BUILDING’S ELEVATION AND FLOOR PLAN Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

  2. HAZARDS EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY LOCATION ELEMENTS OF RISK RISK

  3. BUILDING DAMAGE: DEATH TOLL REACHED 230,,000

  4. CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP CASE HISTORIES LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  5. GOAL: REGULARITY IN BUILDING ELEVATIONS AND SIMPLICITY IN FLOOR PLANS EFFECTIVE WHEN IMPLEMENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH BUILDING REGULATIONS DURING THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES --- NOT AS EFFECTIVE WHEN ADDED BY RETROFIT OR BY STRENGTHENING

  6. ANY COMMUNITY CAN ASSESS THE VULNERABILITY OF ITS BUILDINGS BY EXAMINING EACH BUILDING’S ELEVATION AND FLOOR PLAN • An Incremental Process CLARIFY VULNERABILTIES INDENTIFY OPTIONS IMPLEMENT BEST SOLUTION OPTIMIZE INITATE ACTIONS EVALUATE

  7. SOURCE OF INFORMATION • The following graphic assessments of building vulnerability to earthquake ground shaking were developed by an insurance company and provided to other organizations for educational uses.

  8. BUILDING ELEVATIONS • Horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness—deviations from regularity--- will increase a building’s vulnerability to damage from ground shaking.

  9. AN IMPORTANT NOTE • NOTE: Analysis of the effects of changes in the local site geology and the construction materials, key parameters in controlling a building’s performance, are NOT considered here.

  10. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X-Cracks around windows. 1-2 Box

  11. DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA

  12. ASYMmETRY and lateral changes: CHINA

  13. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation. 1 Pyramid

  14. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning. 4 - 6 Inverted Pyramid

  15. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join. 5 - 6 “L”- Shaped Building

  16. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower. 3 - 5 Inverted “T”

  17. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor. 2 - 3 Multiple Setbacks

  18. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning. 4 - 5 Overhang

  19. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning. 6 - 7 Partial “Soft” Story

  20. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors. 8 - 10 “Soft” First Floor

  21. THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY

  22. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning. 9 - 10 Combination of “Soft” Story and Overhang

  23. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure. 10 Building on Sloping Ground

  24. SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES

  25. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical transition in stiffness and cause failure of individual members. 8 - 9 Theaters and Assembly Halls

  26. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns. 9 - 10 Sports Stadiums

  27. BUILDING FLOOR PLANS • CHANGING FLOOR PLANS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO ASYMMETRICAL WILL INCREASE A BUILDING’S VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING.

  28. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if symmetrical layout maintained. 1 Box

  29. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning. 2 - 4 Rectangle

  30. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners. 2 - 4 Street Corner

  31. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions. 5 - 10 “U” - Shape

  32. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions. 4 Courtyard in Corner

  33. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners. 8 “L” - Shape

  34. torsion:CHINA

  35. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner. 5 - 7 “H” - Shape

  36. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting. 8 - 10 Complex Floor Plan

  37. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry and irregularities will cause torsion and enhance damage along boundaries and at corners. 5- 9 Curved Plan

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