Connectivity and Upwelling Dynamics In the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR)

1. Connectivity and Upwelling Dynamics In the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) John M. Morrison, N. C. State University Daniel Kamykowski, N. C. State University, Lian Xie, N. C. State University Stuart Banks, Charles Darwin Research Station Gene Feldman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

2. Our Work:Scientific Question • How are oceanographic variability and forcing factors at the regional level directly associated with biological productivity and biogeography of the various marine ecosystems across the Galápagos Marine Reserve?

3. Hypothesis: The EUC is the major oceanographic feature affecting production in the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR), and is likely strongly associated with local biogeography of marine species and endemism. • Hypothesis: Galápagos biogeography/marine ecosystem heterogeneity is a function of oceanographic patterning over small spatial, seasonal and inter-annual scales.

4. Research Program The intent of the work proposed here is to implement an oceanographic in-situ monitoring, observation, remote sensing and modeling capability that will work hand-in-hand for the first time with the biodiversity and ecosystem monitoring already being carried out by the Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS). This combined effort will lead to furthering our limited understanding of the coastal marine ecosystem and human socio-economic response to climatological perturbations, such as ENSO.

5. FieldPlan 12-Day Seasonal Cruises aboard the Galapagos National Park Service’s Launcha Sierra Negra 5 Moorings in the 5 main biogeographical provinces.

6. Moorings • 5 moored YSI Sondes with • Temperature, • Salinity, • Pressure, • Dissolved Oxygen • Fluorometric Chlorophyll • 25 Temperature Recorders

7. Ship Surveys • 12-day surveys aboard the Galapagos National Park Service’s L Sierra Negra during the warm and cold seasons. • These transects will provide a spatial context for the temporal record of oceanographic conditions obtained at the mooring and monitoring sites. • Casts will be made to 250 m using a SeaBird CTD with WetStar fluorometer (chlorophyll) and Satlantic ISUS Nitrate profiler and PAR (photosynthetically active radiation).

8. Preliminary Along Track Data from March 2005

9. Remote Sensing • Satellite remote sensed data, as well as in situ bioptical data will be collected and used in this program to characterize the physical environment and drive the model and develop satellite algorithms: • SeaWINDS: NASA NSCAT Scatterometer (25 km res.) • Ocean Color: SeaWiFS (1.1 km) and MODIS (500 m) • SST: AVHRR (1.1 km) and MODIS (500 m) • HyperPro Hyperspectral sub-surface profiles of hyperspectral upwelling radiance, hyperspectral downwelling irradiance, and hyperspectral upwelling irradiance. • HyperSAS underway high precision hyperspectral measurements of water-leaving spectral radiance and downwelling spectral irradiance.

10. SatelliteRemote SensingSeaWiFS&MODIS • Gene Feldman is doing a sub-region extraction for the Galapagos Islands for SeaWiFS and MODIS (Color and SST) • http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/tiles.pl?sub=region_timeseries_table&rgn=GalapagosIs June 15, 2005

11. In SituRemote Sensing • Along track surface hyperspectral data collected using a Satlantic HyperSAS • The HyperSAS optical remote sensing system provided high precision hyperspectral measurements of water-leaving spectral radiance and downwelling spectral irradiance with 256-channels in the visible band.

12. Water Leaving Radiancefrom 1stSierra Negra Cruise

13. HyperSAS Hyperspectral Data Distribution during CruiseBoxes show preliminary 4th derivative analysis for select point along cruise track) Chlorophyll 420 nm peak

14. In SituRemote Sensing • Profiles of hyperspectral data collected to one optical depth using a Satlantic HyperPRO will be collected beginning with the next cruise in October 2005. • The HyperPRO optical remote sensing system provides profiles of high precision hyperspectral measurements of water-leaving spectral radiance and downwelling spectral irradiance with 256-channels in the visible band.

15. Hydrodynamical Model • Based on University of Miami’s Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), which is a primitive equation ocean general circulation model using density, pressure, and sigma coordinates in the vertical that we have currently running at NCSU driven by NCEP winds. • Preliminary simulations are now being run using a 0.72 version of the global model with a series of nested grids for the eastern Tropical Pacific – • 1st level nesting of 0.18or 20 km for the region 105.21W - 76.41W, 10.11S - 21.02N • 2nd level nesting or 0.06 or ~ 6 km for the region 94.50W - 85.50W, 3.0S - 3.0N. (centered on the Galapagos). • Proposed 3 -km nested region is will resolve the dynamics of the interaction of the EUC with the Archipelago

16. Relationship of the upwelled waters around the Galapagos to the Equatorial Pacific “cold tongue”

17. Preliminary Model Results Comparison between the development of the upwelling plume in the preliminary 0.06 model run and in SeaWiFS ocean color imagery.

18. Animation of the Development of the Upwelling of the EquatorialUnder-CurrentMay 10 – July 5

19. Model Setup:Actual Model Domain Will Be 3 N - 3 S  84 W - 94 W with a Resolution of 3 km. MODIS(1 km - 0.011o)

20. Coupled Physical - Biogeochemical Model: Fei Chai (Umaine) Small Phytoplankton [P1] Micro- Zooplankton [Z1] Grazing NO3 Uptake NH4 Uptake Predation Nitrate [NO3] Excretion Meso- zooplankton [Z2] Ammonium [NH4] N-Uptake Fecal Pellet Advection & Mixing Grazing Fecal Pellet Diatoms [P2] Lost Detritus-N [DN] Detritus-Si [DSi] Si-Uptake Sinking Silicate [Si(OH)4] Physical Model Dissolution Sinking Sinking

21. Charles Darwin Research Station’s Routine Ecological Sampling Sites

22. Proposed effort building upon the existing NASA funded effort in the Galápagos!

23. The Galápagos Ocean Lab Jerry Schubel, Aquarium of the Pacific Ed Cassano, Aquarium of the Pacific Carolyn Levi, Imaginations Edge John M. Morrison, N. C. State University Sharon Ryan, Charles Darwin Research Station

24. Outreach and Education:

25. Education and Outreach • The strategic impact of this project to the field of Informal Science Education is to experiment with and evaluate ways to customize and personalize the visitor experience to advance learning of current scientific research. • Creation of a Customization and Personalization Advisory Panel consisting of ISE and museum professionals.

26. Education and Outreach (cont) • Create the Galápagos Lab • a series of continually changing exhibits, rich in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) content • tell the integrated narrative story of our project partners’ unfolding research, and the response of the local resource managers and other stakeholders to this research which is taking place in the Galápagos. • merge the models of continuous prototyping (based on visitor feedback in addition to the new and changing science content) with the learning-centered context of a narrative-based exhibit.

27. Intended Public Audience • The primary target audience for Galápagos Labare the 1.2 million people who visit AoP each year. The median duration of a visit is 2.7 hours, ample time to visit all of the Aquarium’s galleries. • Every visitor who enters AoP will encounter the entrance to Galápagos Labwhich will be installed in our special exhibits gallery, located next to the Aquarium entrance. • Over the three years of the project, we estimate that at least 4.2 million visitors will come to AoP. • Five years following the grant, conservatively, 7 million visitors will benefit from the improved practices that are established as a result of this project.

28. Thanks for coming!