Lecture 10 OTHELLO THE MOOR OF VENICE

1. Lecture 10 OTHELLO THE MOOR OF VENICE Critical Focus on Act 5, Scene 1

2. Entry point through the form and choice of speech of characters • All human speech reveals states of mind; focus on diction, and imagery;]]] • And a character is just as capable of seducing and misleading an audience as s/he is of seducing and misleading another character; • Asides and Soliloquies involve a character talking to the audience; some sort of relationship is thus established between audience and charac

3. Essay ‘Othello is powerless, and Iago the real enemy.’ • Discuss the presentation of the character of Othello in the light of this statement, and relate your discussion to the theme of the individual and society more generally.

4. The interplay between what society expects and individual freedom;

5. Prefacing remarks regarding recent ‘Reading Literature’ exam paper • Recall Section B, 2 (a) essay question • Re- Shakespeare delights in human inconsistencies… • Careful reading of question? • What sense can be attached to the playwright “delights”…? • Context? Plot Structure? Dramatically?

6. Othello examination essay question Show how the playwright delights in human inconsistencies which contribute to the major themes of the play.

7. Inconsistency? • Changeable; contrary; • fluctuating; shifting • incompatible; • inconsonant; inconstant; • unstable; unsteady; unsuitable • Vacillating; variable; varying;

8. Playwright (Shakespeare) delights • How can I, or anyone tell? • Good test of De Bono style lateral thinking • Who gets the best lines? The best speeches? • The most memorable and impacting role? • All of which must be considered in context • E.g. The socio-cultural context of the world of the play

9. Interesting ironic & ironising reversals • Who does not like to reverse, turn round or undermine our anticipations / expectations? • It can be very pleasure giving; evident in this play? • Popular and common cultural stereotypes of Africans (Venetian expectations of Othello?) • Promiscuous; Polygamous; uncouth; no concept of love and fidelity; of romantic feelings? • Deficient in standards of cultivated expression • Incapable of self-discipline; easy-going; too relaxed

10. Re- Iago • No sense of honesty; trustworthiness; loyalty, fairness; justice? • Barbaric? Iago, the real barbarian of the play Ironic contrasts in Iago’s character • Iago as rough in his speech; acts uncultured; • Iago as the one who obviously thinks and speaks a great deal about lust; about women

11. Iago (in contrast with Othello) • Iago as the one who has no real religious (Christian), or moral values; who only really cares about himself; worships himself alone • Iago as the one who cannot be trusted; as the dark, diabolical prince of darkness; of dishonesty; of deception; of discrimination, of destruction • Iago as the real black devil; dark savage • The barbarian; one ready to expunge even the good; the innocent; the well-meaning; the virtuous ; • Roderigo: O damned Iago! O inhuman dog! p223

12. Noteworthy words of IAGO • ‘To gross the clasps of a lascivious Moor’ • ‘Though I do hate him as I hate hell pains’ • ‘It is merely a lust of the blood’ • ‘The Moor is of a free and open nature, // That thinks men honest

13. Iago: [from Act 2 Scene 1] ‘Her eye must be fed. And what delight shall she have to look at the devil? When the blood is made dull with the act of sport, there should be, again to inflame it and give satiety a fresh appetite, loveliness in favour, sympathy in years, manners and beauties; all of which the Moor is defective in.’

14. And yet?Iago, the intellectual, the philosopher? • Iago, just another ordinary soldier? • Rank? • Recall and Note: an ancient / an ensign • Thus, he is an officer of the lowest commissioned rank in the military chain of command • But— • No typical soldier is IAGO

15. Recall Iago expounding on Free Will in Act 1, Scene 3: ’Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Our are our gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners….either to have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry, why the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills…We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts…

16. ‘Delight’ proportionate to the degree and quantity of human inconsistencies • Shakespeare very greatly, and very frequently takes immense pleasure in not only reminding, but in showing his audience they cannot rely on cultural or sexual stereotypes • Indeed, the WHITE IAGOs of this world not only may well be, but more often than not really are the darkest, most diabolical villains of all

17. We can sense Shakespeare’s delight • For IAGO in the play Othello (and his fellow IAGOs in the real everyday world) • They have turned the act of evil into fine art • They are able to practice being evil with others thinking and believing they are good • ‘Good Iago’; Honest Iago; Brave Iago • ‘That one may smile, and smile, and be villain’ [Echoing famous words in ‘Hamlet’]

18. Act 5, Scene 1 Iago’s Malice—The Final Stage

19. The Tragic Downfall of OthelloTragedy / Tragic Drama • For the Tragic Hero, there is always a fall arising from flaw in his character; • Situation changes from well-being to misfortune • Tragic hero need not be unusually virtuous or just; yet potentially, a noble person; • but he should be someone whose misfortunes are brought about by some error of judgment on his part

20. This error of judgment arises from some flaw in his character; some human weakness; • It is essential that to some extent he contributes to his own downfall • And then by suffering as a result, he acquires self-knowledge, and so purges his faults / wrongdoings

21. How does Othello fulfill the role of Tragic Hero? Think critically! Where does the problem lie in Othello? Flaw? • Does the high regard with which he is held in Venice cause him to believe in his own power and become convinced of his own merit? • Is he too proud? Too unrealistic? • Does his preoccupation with military duty and war render him unfit to conceive of any other way of life besides militaristic affairs?

22. Is he incapable of seeing marriage as a partnership? • Is he overly credulous? • Is his tragic flaw jealousy? • Is he overly concerned with his reputation? • Is he inherently vindictive and violent?

23. Note the Atmosphere on stage • The scene is set in darkness Lodovico: ’Tis heavy night. p221 • The action and busy movement of this scene contrasts with the quiet passivity of previous ‘Willow’ scene i.e. Scene 3, of Act 4 • Noise, confusion, rapid movement, • And murder • Begins with conspiratorial whispering; and ends with a brutal murder

24. Dramatic purpose of Act 5 Scene 1 • To present a scene full of action • To give the audience a last look at Roderigo • To put into action Iago’s plot to have both Roderigo, and Cassio killed • To keep Othello before the mind of the audience (appears only briefly in this scene) • To prepare the audience for the downfall of Iago; indeed, to show his first ever set-back

25. Dramatic Techniques • Copia Verborum / Copia; also Enumeration • Antithesis; Parallelism • Foreshadowing • Imagery; Symbolism • Irony: dramatic irony, when the audience knows something that one or more than one of the characters do not; • verbal irony, when someone says something and means another;

26. Poetic Language / Poetic Drama • Heightened poetic language Rhyme • Patterned sounds to highlight and reinforce meaning and message; • Compulsive Rhythms

27. Copia Verborum / CopiaWarriors in Wars of Words • Abundance of words, for verbal fencing; • Use of lengthy speeches, Othello and Iago • Used as a rhetorical device / technique; • Employing a large army of skillfully chosen and well arranged words to pack a powerful series of effectively delivered punches or hammer strikes to drive your point home; to sink your point into those with seemingly thick, impenetrable skulls, so that they get and accept your message, your point of view

28. Characters’ Diction / Speech Style Characters’ choice and use of • Saxon words: Plain, simple, short, monosyllabic words; Characters’ choice and use of • Latinated words: Formal, complex, long, polysyllabic words

29. Noticing words that are frequently repeated; word patterns Note characters’ choice and use of simple, short words used quite frequently, and with increasing dramatic significance? • ‘honest’; ‘honesty’; ‘honour’; ‘honourable’; ‘good’; ‘true’; ‘truly’; • ‘dishonest’; ‘villain’; ‘villainy’; ‘knave’; ‘slave’; ‘dog’; ‘devil’; ‘gross’

30. Diction / word choice, and literary-critical significance Entry point through word choice / language; • Consider how the choice of these words reflects on the character using them; • And what they reveal about his or her attitude to the character spoken about; • Notice there is also an element of irony in the use of these words;

31. Characters’ Diction You should also notice how often characters refer or appeal to such words as • ‘heaven’ or ‘hell’; and are concerned about the ‘soul’; The frequency of this simple vocabulary makes it clear how much the play is concerned with…? • With human values, and divine values • Dramatic effects;

32. Scene takes place in darkness made apparent to audience through hints— • Cassio: O help, ho! Light! A surgeon! • Lodovico: Two or three groan. It is a heavy night. • Gratiano: Here’s one comes in his shirt, with light and weapons. • Iago: Kill men i’th’dark? Where be these bloody thieves?

33. Enter Iago & Roderigo Iago to Roderigo: Here, stand behind this bulk: straight will he come. // Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home, // Quick, quick; fear nothing: I’ll be at thy elbow. // It makes us or mars us; think on that, // And fix most firm thy resolution. • Here we see a firm and determined IAGO

34. Then enters Cassio followed by a flurry of violent action • After the wounding of Roderigo and Cassio when all is increasing confusion in darkness • Othello makes a brief appearance • Comes on stage at a point whereby he becomes indirectly a party to a treacherous and cowardly attack on Cassio

35. Diction? What words critically stand out in Othello’s praise of Iago? • And Othello on hearing the victim, Cassio, cry in pain • Othello remarks: ’Tis he! O brave Iago, honest and just, That hast such noble sense of thy friend’s wrong, // Thou TEACHEST me. • Note significance of Othello’s diction

36. Re Othello, and dramatic effects • Change? (Tragic downfall of Othello) From noble Moor to base Moor; • Surely nothing shows more clearly the present debasement of his once honourable and noble character • Than at this point [in 5.1] when Othello does become a party to this treacherous and cowardly attack on Cassio

37. Note Othello’s diction, and dramatic effects • And note the critically significant words here: • “brave”, “honest”, “just”, “noble” • Indicating symptoms of a now perverted and debased mind • Where good values have been transformed into bad; • Where evil now seems right

38. DRAMATIC EFFECT? • And what the audience comes to painfully realize on hearing Othello say: Thou teachest me • The shocking, evil, tragic truth

39. And IRONY? Ironic effects • Othello’s interpretation of character and event is the source of much irony • His reference to Iago’s honesty and justice is exploited many times in the play • In the light of what we know of Iago’s part in this particular enterprise • ‘O brave Iago’ is another instance of deception

40. And thus marks Othello yet again as a victim of irony • Is Iago really that brave? • We notice Iago lurks in the background • Ordering Roderigo instead to make the attempt on Cassio’s life • Only when Roderigo fails does Iago step in

41. After which we next hear Othello say— ‘Strumpet, I come! Forth of my heart those charms, thine eyes, are blotted; Thy bed, lust-stained, shall with lust’s blood be spotted.’ [Exit Othello]

42. Othello regrets what he has set out to do; • He conjures up an image of killing Desdemona in her bed, but this mental image of the outspread blood blotted bedsheets begins to call to his mind the handkerchief; • The bed in his mind is stained with lust, echoing Desdemona’s infidelities with Cassio • And will be spotted with the blood of lust

43. Exit Othello • So the Moor leaves the stage with an indication that Desdemona will be the next to suffer • It is also ironic he should take Iago’s ‘brave’ activity as an incitement to act against Desdemona • However the impending tragedy is delayed for a short period of time; (Dramatic Effect?) • Creating further suspense; • As the uproar spreads with the comments made by Lodovico, and also Gratiano • Iago’s stabbing of Roderigo, and entry of Bianca

44. Iago the ever ready master of improvisation • Iago ever ready to seize every opportunity • Fastens upon Bianca as a possible scapegoat for what has happened • Thereby reaching a further height of hypocrisy when as Iago says: Look you, pale mistress? Do you perceive the gastness of her eye?

45. And Iago continues… Nay, if you stare, we shall hear more anon. Behold her well; I pray you look upon her. Do you see, gentlemen? Nay, guiltiness will speak Though tongues were out of use. Rhetorical effectiveness? Convincingness? • This is villainy supreme…

46. And re Iago • After Iago cunningly concealed himself while Roderigo on orders did the dirty work (Looks and sounds familiar to the audience?) • Iago then emerges to play up the role of brave and helpful citizen • And pretending to be shocked beyond measure by the villainies of others • And even winning the admiration of Lodovico who finds Iago a very valiant fellow

47. Lodovico on Iago Gratiano: This is Othello’s ancient, as I take it. Lodovico: The same indeed, a very valiant fellow.

48. To be noted: Iago and ironic humour ** In Iago’s question to Cassio: • O my lieutenant, what villains have done this? Dramatic Effects? • There is surely a touch of ironic humour here • Audience members can imagine the satisfaction the use of the word ‘lieutenant’ must give Iago in this context.

49. Re- Motivation of Iago’s evil towards Cassio? • One of the most suggestive (sub-textual) clues to Iago’s motivation to do evil? • is perhaps to be found in Iago’s characterization of Cassio at the beginning of this scene [p219] • Iago cannot tolerate Cassio’s continued existence because as we note him say: • ‘He hath a daily beauty in his life // That makes me ugly’

50. Iago • The contemplation of beauty, grace, happiness or nobility, • In Othello, or Cassio or Desdemona • destroys Iago’s peace of mind • He therefore feels compelled to undermine or eradicate or destroy such virtues • Whenever, wherever in whomever he finds them