320 likes | 329 Views
Explore the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G, and the role of IoT in the future. Discover the advantages and challenges of cellular technologies for IoT applications.
E N D
TopicsCovered • First Generation – 1G • Second Generation – 2G • Third Generation – 3G • FourthGeneration – 4G • Fifth Generation – 5G • IoT and Cellular Technologies
First Generation • Analog transmission • frequency modulation (FM) technique for radio transmission. • Data Rate: 2kbps
Second Generation Delivering mobile voice services to more people, in more places
2G-Second Generation • Throughput/speed: 64kbps. • Bandwidth: 30 – 200 khz.
2G-Services • Phone calls encrypted. • SMS/MMS • Power decreased and noise in the line reduced.
2.5 G-Second and a Half Generation • Circuit switched + packet switched . • Streaming video became possible. • Supports web browsing
4G – what it is ? • collection of technologies at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. • provides an end-to-end IP solutions • provide speed of 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary.
Features of 4G •Faster and more reliable. 100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s) •Multi-standard wireless system. –Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x) •Ad Hoc Networking. •IPv6 Core. •OFDM used instead of CDMA.
Advantages: -Very easy and efficient in dealing with multi-path. -Robust again narrow-band interference
What about the relation between Cellular Networks and Internet of Things? • Ericsson (global telecommunication company) predicts that 10% of total IoT devices installed in 2021 will be connected through cellular networks. • The Service Provider industry is on its way to building IoT ready infrastructures and services.
Carriers are building “cellular networks” for the Internet of Things! • Comcast, SoftBank, Orange, Swisscom are building nationwide IoT networks. • Verizon and Vodafone are upgrading their networks, setting aside spectrum just for IoT. • Cisco, Samsung, Nokia and Ericsson are selling equipment to make it work.
Cellphone networks probably will not be enough for IoT in three ways • Battery life: We need years, not days • Cost: We need it cheap • Coverage: We need it everywhere
Battery Life • Cellular phone networks are not power-efficient. And they never will be. • Mobile phone networks were originally designed for car phones. • Devices on cell phone networks must communicate many times/swith the cell tower. That’s very expensive for battery life.
Cost • Putting IoT devices on cell phone networks is expensive. • LTE radios are complex, require multiple antennas and require expensive IP licenses. • Network certification is expensive. For example, it costs $50,000-100,000 to certify a device on Verizon’s network, and the process takes months.
Coverage • LTE isn’t everywhere. • IoT devices have a nasty tendency to be deployed in precisely the places that today’s cell networks don’t reach: like flood detectors in basements, parking sensors. • Networks should be optimized to maximize deep indoor penetration, rather than bandwidth.
Example: Cellular Network in Antarctica • The Toulouse, France-based company will first be helping out researchers at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica Research Station. • A tracking device connected to the Sigfox network will help researchers keep track of each other's locations. • And soon, the Sigfox network will be used to collect scientific sensor data on the ice for climate change research.
Device and connectivity requirements for specific IoT use cases