Warm Up

1. Warm Up • What is the nervous system? • What is it made up of? (anatomy) • What does it do? (physiology) • Write down all you know about the nervous system • What questions would you like answered this unit about the nervous system?

2. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain three parasympathetic effects as well as three sympathetic effects on the body • Agenda: • Guided Notes: Intro to Nervous System • Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Activity • Summary Video • Extension: Coffee • Closing • Homework: • Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

3. Guided Notes: Intro to Nervous System Three functions: • Gather stimuli • Integrate stimuli • Generate response Divisions: • Central—brain and spinal cord • Peripheral—all other nerves • Afferent Nerves—gather sensory stimuli • EX: pain, touch, deep pressure, stretch • Efferent Nerves—generate motor response • Somatic System—nerves to skeletal muscles, voluntary • Autonomic System—nerves to cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands, involuntary • Parasympathetic System—“rest and digest” • Sympathetic System—“fight or flight”

4. Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Activity • As a class we will discover the parasympathetic nervous system’s “rest and digest” effects on the body as well as the sympathetic nervous system’s “fight or flight” effects on the body. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41xuS84tYAM

5. Summary Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2GywoS77qc

6. Extension: Coffee • How many people drink coffee? • Which system does coffee stimulate? • How do you know? • Is coffee good or bad for you? • As you watch the following video, make a pros and cons T chart • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lutMjeIIm-w

7. Closing • Is coffee good or bad for you? • Write a persuasive letter to a friend or family member convincing them that it is either ok or not ok to drink coffee

8. Warm Up • What is a polygraph? What does a polygraph measure? • Take out homework for Ms. McGowan to check

9. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain the functions of the 6 parts of a neuron • Agenda: • Review Homework and Discussion of Coffee (10 minutes) • Tomcfad Rap and Discussion of Epipens (7 minutes) • Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy of Nervous System (7 minutes) • Neuron Modeling Activity (20 minutes) • Closing (6 minutes) • Homework: • Color and Label Neuron

10. Review Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Effects T Chart • Follow along as Ms. McGowan reviews your homework • Coffee drinkers: do the effects of coffee sound more similar to the parasympathetic column or the sympathetic column? • What in coffee stimulates this system’s effects?

11. Tomcfad Summary Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5XnHtklFjI&list=PL47DE6F1B128757BD • What neurotransmitter is responsible for signaling parasympathetic effects? • What neurotransmitter is responsible for signaling sympathetic effects? • How does this make sense with what you know about epipens used to treat allergic reactions? • What body changes occur during allergic reactions? • How does an epipen reverse these dangerous body changes?

12. Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy Neurons • Dendrites—fibers that receive message • Cell body—contains nucleus and all other organelles except nucleolus • Axon—single fiber that conducts message • Used 1mm diameter squid giant axon to study • Longest in human body is from base of spine to big toe • Axon terminals—end of axon that contains neurotransmitters • Synaptic cleft—gap between neuron axon terminal and next neuron or cell

13. Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy Supporting Cells • Myelin sheath—white fatty insulation wrapped around neurons that speeds signal • Oligodendrocytes—specific cells that form myelin sheath around CNS neurons • Schwann cells—specific cells that form myelin sheath around PNS neurons • Nodes of Ranvier—areas of unmyelinated axon between each myelin sheath • Saltatory conduction—process by which action potential jumps from node to node, speeding signal transmission • Can reach speed of 268 mph compared to only 56 mph in unmyelinated axon

14. Neuron Modeling Activity • Follow along on your activity sheet to model saltatory conduction with one another as well as model the neuron with pipecleaners and cheerios

15. Warm Up • The brain and spinal cord have distinct areas of white matter as well as gray matter. Why are certain sections of the brain white while others are gray?

16. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain the 3 steps of an action potential as well as the 4 steps of signal transmission at the synaptic cleft • Agenda: • Guided Notes: the Action Potential and the Synaptic Cleft with accompanying animations (20 minutes) • Action Potential Modeling Activity (20 minutes) • Closing (5 minutes) • Homework: • Finish Action Potential Modeling Activity

17. Guided Notes: the Action Potential • Normally: inside of neuron is negative (polarized) with Na+ on outside and K+ on inside • Strong stimuli signals action potential: • All-or-none principle—threshold of excitation is either reached or not reached (travels entire axon or not at all) • Depolarization (cell becomes more positive): Na+ channels open so Na+ rushes into cell • Repolarization (cell becomes more negative): Na+ channels close and K+ channels open so K+ rushes out of cell • Hyperpolarization: (cell becomes more negative than resting potential): K+ channels close and Na+/K+ pump that moves 3Na+ out and 2K+ in restores initial membrane potential • Neuron cannot propagate another signal until membrane potential is restored

18. Guided Notes: the Synaptic Cleft • Steps: • When action potential reaches axon terminal, Ca2+ rushes in • This signals vesicles of neurotransmitter to fuse with membrane • Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on next cell, transmitting the signal to the next neuron or cell

19. Guided Notes: Neurotoxins • Na+ channel inhibitors • Sedatives and anesthetics • Tetrodotoxin in pufferfish • Inhibits vesicle release • Botulinum toxin in Botox • Tetanus toxin from bacteria on rusty metal • Blocks receptors • Bungarotoxin in snakes

20. Action Potential Modeling Activity • Follow the directions on your worksheet to model the flow of Na+ and K+ ions during an action potential using milk chocolate and white chocolate chips • Once you have completed your activity, demonstrate your model for Ms. McGowan

21. Closing • In the neuron, signal transmits via the action potential. Between neurons, signal transmits via neurotransmitter. Which is electrical? Which is chemical?

22. Warm Up • Why is it dangerous to eat pufferfish? Be as specific as possible.

23. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why doctors test reflexes • Agenda: • Action Potential and Synaptic Cleft Animations/Turn in Lab (6 minutes) • Guided Notes: Reflexes (6 minutes) • Reflexes versus Reactions Lab (25 minutes) • Closing (6 minutes) • Homework: • Finish Reflexes versus Reactions Lab • If you will not be here on Friday: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas Readings

24. Guided Notes: Reflexes • Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli • Even though involuntary, can be either: • Somatic--affecting skeletal muscles • Autonomic--affecting cardiac or smooth muscles • EX: papillary light reflex, corneal reflex, salivary reflex, gag reflex, patellar jerk reflex, plantar reflex, pain reflexes • Reflex arc—nerve pathway signaling a reflex that contains as little as two neurons • The more neurons involved, the longer it takes the body to respond • Importance: change in a reflex suggests issue with nervous system

25. Reflexes versus Reactions Lab • Follow the directions on your lab to compare 4 measured reflexes to measured reaction time

26. Warm Up • Grab a worksheet on Kalyn’s desk

27. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain how laughing gas affects the nervous system • Agenda: • Reading: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas • Closing • Homework: • Have a fantastic break!

28. Reading: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas • Read the two articles and answer their respective questions

29. Warm Up • How does laughing gas affect the nervous system? • Take out your homework for collection

30. Objective: • SWBAT • Describe one responsibility of the brains 4 lobes and the cerebellum • Agenda: • Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain • Brain Playdough Model • Closing • Homework: • Brain Size and Lateralization Readings • Quiz tomorrow on everything up until now (excluding brain learning from today): divisions, neurons, action potential, synaptic cleft, neurotoxins, reflexes

31. Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain • Cerebrum: • Gyri—elevated ridges • Sulci—shallow grooves • Fissures—deeper grooves • Lobes: • Frontal—reasoning, planning, emotions, problem-solving • Contains Broca’s area • Broca’s aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)—can understand, but can’t produce speech • Parietal—perception of pain, temperature, and pressure stimuli • Temporal—perception of auditory stimuli, speech, memory • Contains Wernicke’s area • Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)—can’t understand, but can produce (random) speech • Occipital—vision • Corpus callosum—connects two cerebral hemispheres

32. Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain • Diencephalon: • Thalamus—relays sensory information • Hypothalamus—homeostasis of body temperature, thirst, and hunger, as well as emotion (pain, pleasure, sex) • Pineal gland—circadian rhythm • Pituitary gland—releases hormones for various functions • Brain stem: • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla Oblongata—heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting • Cerebellum—balance • Motor homunculus-- visual depictions of the amount of brain devoted to the functioning of various body parts

33. Aphasia Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4o9La8cn7DI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aplTvEQ6ew

34. Brain Playdough Model • Follow along on your worksheet to create a model of the 7 major parts of the brain using playdough

35. Closing • What two parts of the body make up the most of the sensory and motor homunculi? Why is this?

36. Warm Up • Are you left brained or right brained? How do you know? • Take out homework for collection as well as yesterday’s lab (if you didn’t finish)

37. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive • Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after administration • Agenda: • Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • Guided Notes: Spinal Cord and CNS Protection • Mouse Party • Closing • Homework: • Quiz Review Sheet • Study for Quiz on Tuesday

38. Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41ygrI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

39. Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Spinal Cord • 17 inches long from foramen magnum to last thoracic vertebrae • Caudaequina—“horse’s tail,” spinal nerves that travel from end of spinal cord through rest of spinal column • Dorsal/ascending pathway—sensory nerves • Ventral/descending pathway—motor nerves • Keep in mind that left brain tends to control right body and right brain tends to control left body

40. Guided Notes: CNS Protection • Meninges—three layers of connective tissue between skull and brain • Dura mater—most superficial, hard and thin layer • Arachnoid mater—middle, thick space with blood vessels • Pia mater—deepest, flexible and thin layer • Brain specific: • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—watery cushion in and around brain • Blood-brain barrier—brain contains least permeable capillaries to maintain constant internal environment • However, fat-soluble molecules still readily pass through fatty plasma membrane • CSF and blood vessels interact in arachnoid space

41. Mouse Party • Using the University of Utah’s Genetics Learning Center, work in groups of 4-5 to complete your worksheet and explain how heroin, ecstasy, marijuana, meth, alcohol, cocaine, and LSD affect the brain

42. Closing • Why are alcohol and nicotine so addictive?

43. Warm Up • Why is the middle layer of the meninges termed arachnoid mater or space? • Take out your quiz review for completion points

44. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive • Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after administration • Agenda: • Quiz Review • Quiz • Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • Mouse Party • Closing • Homework: • Finish Mouse Party

45. Quiz Review • Follow along as we review your neurons quiz review sheet!

46. Neurons Quiz • Please put everything away except for a writing utensil • Raise your hand if you have a question during your quiz • Hold on to your quiz when you finish—I will collect them all at once • Good luck!

47. Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41ygrI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

48. Mouse Party • Using the University of Utah’s Genetics Learning Center, work in groups of 4-5 to complete your worksheet and explain how heroin, ecstasy, marijuana, meth, alcohol, cocaine, and LSD affect the brain

49. Warm Up • How did Phineas Gage change after the railroad accident that sent a metal rod through his skull? Why was he affected in this way?

50. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive • Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after administration • Explain why expecting mothers are urged to abstain from alcohol and nicotine • Explain why orthostatic hypotension is common in the elderly • Agenda: • Finish Mouse Party • Guided Notes: Development • Application Questions • Closing • Homework: • Brain Quiz Review due Friday • Brain Quiz Friday