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Chapter 18

Chapter 18. Medical Math. Introduction. Math skills are a requirement for working in a health care occupation Calculations are needed for Correct medical dosages Recording height and weight Intake and output measurement of fluids. ( continues ). Introduction ( continued ).

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Chapter 18

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  1. Chapter 18 Medical Math

  2. Introduction • Math skills are a requirement for working in a health care occupation • Calculations are needed for • Correct medical dosages • Recording height and weight • Intake and output measurement of fluids (continues)

  3. Introduction(continued) • Administrative tasks such as bookkeeping and billing • Tests performed in the lab • Mixing of cleaning fluids • Health care workers must make every effort to achieve 100% accuracy

  4. 18:1 Basic Calculations • It is necessary to be able to add, subtract, and divide whole numbers, decimals, fractions, and percentages • Understanding of equivalents when using decimals, fractions, and percentages • When taking professional exams for licensure or certification, calculators are sometimes not allowed

  5. Whole Numbers • Do not contain decimals or fractions • Addition—adding numbers together to find the total amount • Several uses in health care • Inventory records • Statistical information on patients • Example (continues)

  6. Whole Numbers(continued) • Subtraction—taking a number away from a number to find the difference • Several uses • Weight loss • Pulse deficit calculation • Example (continues)

  7. Whole Numbers(continued) • Multiplication—same as addition or multiplying to find the quantity • Several uses include • Payroll records (salary amount paid for number of hours worked) • Microscope power magnification • Example (continues)

  8. Whole Numbers(continued) • Division—finding how many times a number is contained in another number • Finding cost of one item • Determining amount of diet nutrients • Example

  9. Decimals • Decimals—are based on the number 10 • Represent the number of tenths, hundredths, thousandths, and so on • Are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided the same as whole numbers • Always check the placement of the decimal point to avoid mistakes • Examples (See Table 18-1 in text)

  10. Fractions • Fraction—a quantity less than a whole number expressed as a decimal • Has a numerator (top number) and a denominator (bottom number) • Some fractions need to be reduced to their lowest term • See Table 18-2 in text • Examples (continues)

  11. Fractions(continued) • Improper fractions—numerators are larger than denominators • Converting fractions is used for addition and subtraction • Multiplying fractions • Dividing fractions—needs to be inverted (reciprocal) and then multiplied • Examples

  12. Percentages • Percentages—whole or proportion of a whole (100%) • See Figure 18-4 in text • Advantage is to convert the percentage to a decimal before adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing • Examples

  13. Ratios • Shows relationship between like values or numbers • Health care workers use ratios for strengths of solutions • 50 percent strength solution is 1:2 ratio

  14. Converting Decimals, Fractions, Percentages, and Ratios • Decimals, fractions, and percentages represent parts of a whole • There are specific methods of conversion from one to another • See Table 18-3 in text

  15. Rounding Numbers • This requires changing them to the nearest ten, hundred, thousand, and so on • Depends on degree of accuracy • Refer to Table 18-4 in text • Examples

  16. Solving Problems with Proportions • Proportion—equality between two ratios (“two is to six as three is to nine”) • For converting from one unit to another when three in the proportion are identified • Examples

  17. 18:2 Estimating • Estimating—a reasonable approximate calculation of the answer • Errors can occur with numbers in wrong order or decimal points misplaced • Practice and thought is needed when learning to estimate answers and detecting incorrect answers • Examples

  18. 18:3 Roman Numerals • Numbers used today are known as Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) • In the health care field Roman numerals are used for specific reasons • Examples • See Table 18-5 in text

  19. 18:4 Angles • Used in health care for • Injection of medications • Description of joint movements • Indication of bed positions (continues)

  20. Angles(continued) • Angles are made when two plane surfaces meet along a line • The distance between the plane and line of the angle is measured in degrees • See Figure 18-6 in text • Examples

  21. 18:5 Systems of Measurement • Various systems of measurement used in health care • Terminology in each system • Distance (length) • Capacity (volume) • Mass (weight) • Each system has its own method of naming (nomenclature)

  22. Household System • Used in the United States • See Table 18-6 in text • With basic equivalents known then unknown measurements can be found by using proportions • Examples

  23. Metric System • More accurate than the household system • Metric units • Distance/length: meter (m) • Capacity/volume: liter (l or L) • Mass/weight: gram (g or gm) • See Table 18-7 in text • Metric system based on multiples of tens • Examples

  24. Apothecary System • Oldest and used less than the metric or household systems • Still used by some doctors • Necessary for health care workers to be able to convert within the system • See Table 18-8 in text (continues)

  25. Apothecary System(continued) • Use of lowercase and uppercase Roman numerals sometimes used along with this system • Example

  26. Converting Systems of Measurement • Health care workers need to be aware of equal values between units • Not an exact science when converting • The answer is considered to be approximately the same • See Table 18-9 in text • Examples

  27. 18:6 Temperature Conversion • Use of the Fahrenheit (F) thermometer scale in the United States • Centigrade (Celsius) or C is often used in health care • Conversion charts and formulas (using fractions or decimals) are available • See Tables 18-10 and 18-11 in text

  28. 18:7 Military Time • Traditional system of correct time uses A.M. and P.M. (12 hours) • Errors can occur if time is misread • Accuracy of time is critical in health care • Military time is based on a 24-hour day • Avoids any confusion • See Table 18-12 in text • Examples

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