Eukaryotic Microbes

1. Eukaryotic Microbes

2. 3 Domains www.emc.maricopa.edu

3. 5 Kingdoms • Protista * • Fungi * • Animalia • Plantae • Bacteria www2.bc.cc.ca.us/bio16/1_Lecture.htm

4. What are some characteristics of eukaryotic organisms?

5. Kingdom Protista • Any eukaryote that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. • 60,000 protist species. • Most are single-celled. • Include algae and protozoa. Marine Protists

6. Algae • Many produce energy by photosynthesis. • Most algal cell walls contain cellulose (also found in plants). • May be: • Unicellular • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates • Desmids • Multicellular • Large, plantlike seaweeds • Include Red and Brown algae Euglena. www.britannica.com

7. Unicellular Algae • Diatoms • Freshwater and marine environments. • Cell walls contain silicon dioxide (glass). • Used in filtration systems, insulation, and abrasives (like toothpaste). www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au

8. Unicellular Algae www.botany.hawaii.edu • Dinoflagellates • Usually photosynthetic. • Some produce light and are often called fire algae. • Responsible for “red tides.” www.botany.hawaii.edu news.bbc.co.uk

9. Unicellular Algae • Desmids • Group of green algae. • Can photosynthesize. • Ex. Euglena • Has algal and protozoan characteristics. • Has a primitive mouth. • Does not have a cell wall. • Has an eyespot. • Has flagellum. • Ex. Spirogyra • Filamentous algae. Spirogyra.www.marietta.edu Euglena.www.biologie.uni-erlangen.de

10. Multicellular Algae Brown algae. saltwater-aquarium-guide.net • Consists mainly of Brown and Red algae. • Brown Algae • Usually found in ocean water. • Are a source of algin, which is a thickener in ice cream. • Red Algae • Found in deeper ocean water than brown algae. • One type of red algae (Gelidium) is the source of agar. Red algae. Gelidium spp. www.canari.org

11. Protozoa • Most are unicellular. • Most are free-living organisms that live in soil and water. • Ingest other organisms or organic material. • Do not have a cell wall. www.marietta.edu

12. Protozoan Life Cycle • Usually have 2 stages to their life cycle. • Trophozoite • Motile, feeding, dividing stage. • Cyst • Dormant, survival stage. www.tulane.edu

13. Protozoa A termite (top) next to a gut from another termite (middle). Contents (bottom) include spirochetes (arrows) and protozoa (P).animals.howstuffworks.com • Symbiotic relationship • Between termite and protozoan. • Parasitic relationships • Malaria • Giardiasis • African sleeping sickness • Amoebic dysentery Tsetse flies in the genus Glossina transmit the protozoan pathogens that cause African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense). www.cals.ncsu.edu

14. Protozoan Reproduction • Asexual reproduction • Binary fission • produces 2 daughter cells. • Schizogony • Multiple nuclear divisions before cytoplasmic divisions. • Results in more than 2 daughter cells. • Sexual reproduction • Gametocyte production • 2 haploid gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote.

15. Protozoan Classification • Based on method of locomotion. • Major groups • Amoebae • Pseudopodia • Flagellates • Possess flagella • Ciliates • Possess cilia • Nonmotile protozoa • Called sporozoa Amoeba. Naegleria fowleri. classes.midlandstech.edu Flagellate. Giardia lamblia. www.pathobio.sdu.edu.cn Cilate. Balantidium coli. www.tulane.edu Nonmotile. Plasmodium vivax.www.dpd.cdc.gov

16. What is the world’s largest organism?

17. Blue Whale Giant Sequoia

18. Honey Mushroom, Armillaria spp.

19. Fungi • Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes. • Reproduce asexually and sexually. • 5 phyla • based on their mode of sexual reproduction. • Lack chlorophyll. • Have a cell wall made of chitin. • Are saprophytes • “garbage disposers” of nature.

20. Unicellular Yeast • 3-8 µm in diameter. • Found in soil and water and on skin of many fruits and vegetables. • Reproduce by an asexual process called budding. • Results in the production of a type of asexual spore called a blastospore. • Responsible for beer, wine, leavened bread. • Some species are human pathogens (i.e. Candida albicans). Yeast cells budding. immunenhance.com

21. Multicellular Fungi • Possess hyphae • A hypha is a tube-like cell. • A mass of hyphae forms a mycelium. • Septate hyphae have cross walls or septations. • Non-septate hyphae lack cross walls or septations. Hyphal structure with septae. www.fungionline.org.uk

22. Multicellular Fungi Reproduction • Sexual or asexual reproduction. • Can produce sexual or asexual spores. • Sexual spores form by the fusion of 2 gametes. • Asexual spores form in many different ways.

23. Molds Penicillium, a genus of green mold, attacks many fruits and is the source of the antibiotic drug penicillin. www.britannica.com • Consists of many types of multicellular fungi. • Have great commercial importance. • Consists of many antibiotic producing molds like Penicillium. • Used to make many different kinds of cheese. • Potato blight mold caused the famine in Ireland in the mid-19th century. Moldy bagel. www.sciencedaily.com

24. There are other types of fungi that are multicellular and are not considered microorganisms.

25. Fungi and Disease • Are responsible for diseases in humans, animals, and plants. • In humans, infections could be superficial • affecting the skin, hair, fingernails, toenails. • Some of these fungal infections can be more internal and thus be more severe. Ringworm. Tinea corporis. www.research.usf.edu Madura foot.

26. Lichens • Mutualistic relationship between an alga and a fungus. • Are tough and self-sufficient. • Can inhabit inhospitable habitats such as deserts, newly formed volcanic islands, the Arctic, bare rock. • Grow slowly • Arctic colonies grow 1-2 inches every 1000 years. • Some thought to be over 4000 years old.

27. Slime Molds • Have both fungal and protozoal characteristics. • May be cellular or acellular. • Found in soil and on rotting logs. www.genome.gov

28. Slime Molds www.treknature.com

29. Cellular Slime Molds • Begin life as ameba-like organisms. • If harsh conditions ensue, individual organisms will fuse together to form a motile, multicellular form that is called a slug. • Slug becomes a fruiting body which consists of a stalk and spore cap. • Spores released and are airborne. • If suitable habitat is found, a spore becomes an ameba.

30. Acellular Slime Molds • Also called plasmodial slime mold. • Also produce a stalk and spores. • Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells. • forms large masses of motile, multinucleated protoplasm.

31. The End