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World War I Abroad and Civil Liberties at Home. World War I . Prelude to War Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson War in Europe New type of warfare U.S. reaction U.S. in World War I The sinking of Lusitania Reasons for U.S. entry U.S. soldiers in the war End of War
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World War I • Prelude to War • Election of 1912 • Woodrow Wilson • War in Europe • New type of warfare • U.S. reaction • U.S. in World War I • The sinking of Lusitania • Reasons for U.S. entry • U.S. soldiers in the war • End of War • The Bolshevik Revolution • The Versailles Treaty • The League of Nations
Pre-War > Election of 1912 • Four candidates: • William Taft - incumbent, Republican • Woodrow Wilson - surprise candidate, Democrat • Teddy Roosevelt - progressive “Bull Moose” party, best showing ever by 3rd party • Eugene Debs - socialist, won 6% of the vote - the most votes won by a socialist candidate in US history • Stood for different approaches to US politics • Taft - laissez-faire Gilded Age politics • Wilson - progressivist, pro-small business and competition • Roosevelt - militant anti-trust politics • Debs - peaceful overthrow of capitalism
Pre-War > Harper’s supporting Wilson in the election of 1912
Pre-War > Woodrow Wilson cited in a film lauding the KKK, Birth of a Nation, 1916
War in Europe > Lyrics of World War I songs A POOR AVIATOR LAY DYING A poor aviator lay dying. At the end of a bright summer’s day. His comrades had gathered about him. To carry his fragments away. The airplane was piled on his wishbone, His Hotchkiss was wrapped round his head; He wore a spark-plug on each elbow, 'Twas plain he would shortly be dead. He spit out a valve and a gasket, And stirred in the sump where he lay, And then to his wondering comrades, These brave parting words he did say: And the butterfly valve off my neck, Extract from my liver the crankshaft, There are lots of good parts in this wreck. And the cylinders out of my brain, Take the piston rods out of my kidneys, And assemble the engine again." BOMBED LAST NIGHT Oh God damnn the bombin' planes from Germany. They’re over us, they’re over us, One shell-hole for the four of us Glory be to God there are no more of us 'Cause one of us could fill it all alone. Gassed last night—gassed the night before, Gonna get gassed again if we never git gassed no more, When we’re gassed, we’re as sick as we can be, 'Cause phosgene and mustard gas is too much for me.
War in Europe > Cartoon on the war from nonwestern point of view, Chicago Daily News, 1914
War in Europe > Cartoon on the war from nonwestern point of view, Columbus, OH, Dispatch, 1915
War in Europe > Cartoon on German atrocities in Belgium, Life, 1915
U.S. in World War I > Cartoon about the Zimmerman telegram, March 1917
U.S. in World War I > Reasons for US entry into World War I • War profits U.S. traded heavily with Britain and France but complied with a British embargo on trading with Germany • Anglophilia on the part of leaders like Woodrow Wilson and also among ordinary Americans (but not German or Irish immigrants) • Security of loans to Europe • The vision of a “liberal democratic world order”: • Wilson envisioned trade between equal national partners just as he envisioned a domestic economy made up of small businesses instead of huge trusts
U.S. in World War I > The Poster by the Committee on Public Information
U.S. in World War I > US Government Film about American Soldiers in the War
U.S. in World War I > German leaflet addressed to black troops in France
U.S. in World War I > American ambulance similar to the one Ernest Hemingway drove in Milan in 1918
U.S. in World War I > Typical Questions on the IQ test Garnets are usually A. yellow B. blue C. green D. red Soap is made by A. B. T. Babbitt B. Smith & Wesson C. W. L. Douglas D. Swift & Co. Laura Jean Libby is known as a A. singer B. suffragist C. writer D. army nurse If you are lost in a forest in the daytime, what is the thing to do? Hurry to the nearest house you know of Look for something to eat Use the sun or a compass for a guide
End of World War I > Cartoon on the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 Caption: “Count Parasitsky will not occupy his palatial residence in the mountains this summer. He expects to remain in the city and do uplift work.”
End of World War I > Cartoon on the European view of the League of Nations
End of World War I > Cartoon on Woodrow Wilson and the League of Nations, 1919
End of World War I > Cartoon on the international entanglements of the League of Nations
World War I and Civil Liberties • Wartime Restriction of Civil Liberties • Espionage and Sedition Acts • The free speech cases • Cultural censorship • Anti-German sentiments • Jane Addams • 1919 • Suffrage • Prohibition • Race riots • Strike wave • Red Scare • Fear of Bolshevism • The Palmer Raids
World War I > Wartime Restriction of Civil Liberties in US History • 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts • Civil War: Suspension of Habeas Corpus • 1917: The Espionage Act • 1919-1920: The Red Scare
World War I > Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, anarchists censored to two years in penitentiary and fined $10,000 each for opposing the draft, July 9, 1917
World War I > Eugene Debs was jailed again under the Espionage Act in 1918
World War I > Supreme Court Free Speech Cases • Charles Schenk v. United States (1919) • convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 • distributed antiwar pamphlets • conviction upheld • Oliver Wendell Holmes: “man shouting in a crowded theater,” “clear and present danger” • Jacob Abrams v. United States (1919) • convicted under the Espionage Act • distributed pamphlets and agitated against the war • conviction upheld • Holmes dissented: “the defendants were deprived of their rights under the constitution of the United States” • Benjamin Gitlow v New York (1925) • convicted under the New York Criminal Anarchy Law of 1902 • called for the overthrow of U.S. government • the Court upheld the state law but extended the reach of the First amendment • Holmes dissented: “government must show the clear and immediate danger.”
World War I > The Poster by the Committee on Public Information
World War I > Some names changed because of the war with Germany • Hamburger - “liberty stake” • Sauerkraut - “liberty cabbage” • German measles - “liberty measles” • dashchunds - “liberty pups” • Berlin, Iowa - Lincoln, Iowa • Kaiser Street - Maine Way
Suffrage > Men at the National Anti-Suffrage Association Headquaters
Suffrage > The National Women’s Party pickets the White House in January 1917
Prohibition > Prohibition Cartoon, San Francisco Chronicle, May 1919
Prohibition > Cartoon Announcing the End of Crime Due to Prohibition, 1919
Race Riots > Police “Rescues” a Black Man During the Chicago Race Riot
Strike Wave > Steel Workers Announce the Walk-Out, October 4, 1919
Strike Wave > Strike Ballot in Several European Languages, 1919
