Behavior and Reproduction of Lysmata wurdemanni and Stenopus hispidus

1. Behavior and Reproduction of Lysmata wurdemanni and Stenopus hispidus

2. Background Scientific Names: Peppermint Shrimp-Lysmata wurdemanni Banded Coral Shrimp-Stenopus hispidus • Description • Reproduction-Defined as holding of eggs • LW Location-Florida Keys, Gulf of Mexico, Western Atlantic (Live Aquaria) • SH Location-Caribbean, Cebu, Hawaii, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Sumatra (Live Aquaria) • Project based on experiment done by Advanced Aquarist(Porter Betts)

3. Proposal • For our project we wanted to observe the behavior of Lysmata wurdemanni and its interaction with Stenopus hispidus in a captive environment. Our goal was to see ifthe presence of Stenopus hispidus had any effect over the behavior and reproduction of Lysmata wurdemanni.

4. Questions • To what extent does the presence of Stenopus hispidus limit the reproduction of Lysmata wurdemanni? • What are the ideal circumstances for Lysmata wurdemanni reproduction? • Do the number of Lysmata wurdemanni in one tank increase or limit reproduction? • How often do Lysmata wurdemanni mate? • If two Lysmata wurdemanni are isolated, will they mate more often? • How does the Lysmata wurdemanni hermaphroditism play into the reproductive process?

5. Hypothesis The Lysmata wurdemanni that are isolated from the Stenopus hispidus reproduce more frequently than the Lysmata wurdemanni in the same tank as the Stenopus hispidus.

6. Methods • Isolation of three Lysmata wurdemanni in tank A1 • Introduction of a female Stenopus hispidus in tank C4 • Movement, eating, and reproduction of Stenopus hispidus and Lysmata wurdemanni observed twice daily: morning and afternoon. • Measured water temperature, salinity, and ph. • Added additional live rock to tank C4

7. Results: Movement

8. Results: Movement

9. Results: Feeding

10. Results: Reproduction Reproduction Results: • Lysmata wurdemanni in tank C4carried eggs twice out of the five months of our project. Normally they carry eggs once a month. • The first sighting of reproduction was on November 19th, 2012 and they held the eggs until December 14th, 2012. Observations stopped at this time for school holidays, and eggs were not present upon our return January 7th, 2013. • The second sighting of eggs was on March 11th, 2013, however the Lysmata wurdemanni disappeared shortly after on March 19th.

11. Lysmata wurdemanni carrying eggs:

12. Question 1 Answer To what extent does the presence of Stenopus hispidus limit the reproduction of Lysmata wurdemanni? • Stenopus hispidus acts aggressively towards Lysmata wurdemanni • Lysmata wurdemannihad eggs but offspring were not produced--possibly due to Stenopus hispidus

13. Question 2 Answer What are the ideal circumstances for Lysmata wurdemanni reproduction? • Our research indicates that ideal circumstances for reproduction would need to include: at least two Lysmata wurdemanni, live rock, and no presence of Stenopus hispidus.

14. Question 3 Answer Do the number of Lysmata wurdemanni in one tank increase or limit reproduction? • Not clear from our research--but evidence supports that number is not the determining factor • A1 Tank at one point contained 3 Lysmata wurdemanniand did not show any signs of reproduction, while C4 did with only 2 after the death of its' third Lysmata wurdemanni

15. Question 4 Answer How often do Lysmata wurdemanni mate? • According to Reef Keeping by Frederick Noack Lysmata wurdemanni reproduce once a month in an ideal environment. However, in our project we only documented two occurrences of reproduction of a five month period.

16. Question 5 Answer If two Lysmata wurdemanni are isolated, will they mate more often? • Our research indicates that this is not the case. The Lysmata wurdemanni in tank A1 did not reproduce at all. However, factors that could have inhibited reproduction in A1 include maturity and number of shrimp.

17. Question 6 Answer How does the Lysmata wurdemanni hermaphroditism play into the reproductive process? • Helpful in reproductive process as the presence of both a male and female is not necessary • Can mate with any other Lysmata wurdemanni

18. Challenges • On November 7th of 2012, the male Stenopus hispidus was found dead in C4. On November 6th, it appeared the male and female Stenopus hispidus had fought. Both were missing claws. • There was never any sign of reproduction in Tank A1 and on January 11th of 2013 the two Lysmata wurdemanni disappeared and are presumed dead.

19. Challenges On January 18th of 2013, we lost one of our Lysmata wurdemanni in tank C4. It was sucked into the siphon of the overflow box. On March 19th of 2013, the last two Lysmata wurdemanni in tank C4 disappeared and are presumed dead.

20. Discussion • We reject our hypothesis because the isolated Lysmata wurdemanni did not reproduce at all. • Several factors could have affected this-- the Lysmata wurdemanni in tank A1 appeared different in color and size from those in C4 • Age or level of maturity unknown • Had not previously studied tank A1 and were unfamiliar with its other organisms • If we were to continue this project, we would need to isolate 3 new Lysmata wurdemanni and observe their behavior.

21. Discussion • If more time was available for research, we would continue the study in a tank of isolated Lysmata wurdemanni (where the age, maturity, any other factors were known) to create accurate results compared to research by others • Overall, data collected showed the dynamic between Lysmata wurdemanni and Stenopus hispidus, which was an original goal • Data did not show the reproductive habits as much as we would have liked • If further research had been done previously, the issues created by the Stenopus hispidus could have been avoided

22. Bibliography • 1. "Banded Coral Shrimp." Live Aquaria. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.liveaquaria.com/product/prod_display.cfm?c=497+525+698&pcatid=698>. • 2. Bauer, Raymond T. “Reproductive Ecology of Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphrodite, the Shrimp Lysmata Wurdemanni.” Journal of Crustacean Biology 22.4: 742-49. JSTOR. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. <.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884804?&Search=yes&searchText=shrimp&searchText=peppermint&searchText=reproduction&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dpeppermint%2Bshrimp%2Breproduction%26gw%3Djtx%26acc%3Don%26prq%3Dpeppermint%2Bshrimp%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=9&ttl=24&returnArticleService=showFullText>. • 3. Bauer, Raymound T. “Same sexual system but variable sociobiology: evolution of protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism in Lysmata shrimps.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 46.4: 430-38. JSTOR. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1549836?&Search=yes&searchText=shrimp&searchText=peppermint&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dpeppermint%2Bshrimp%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=2&ttl=43&returnArticleService=showFullText> • 4. “Behavior And Breeding Of Peppermint Shrimp by Porter Betts.” Advanced Aquarist. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2004/4/aafeature>. • 5. “Effects of three Caribbean cleaner shrimp on Ectoparasitic monogeneans in a semi-natural environment.” Coral Reefs 2: 419-26. EBSCO. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. <http://apps.webofknowledge.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=4&SID=4AaOo38hIDOdNhIf1Oa&page=1&doc=1>. • 6. Noack, Frederick. “Captive Rearing of Peppermint Shrimp (Lysmata wurdemanni): A Hobbyist’s Tale.” Reef Keeping. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Sept. 2012. <http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-10/nftt/index.php>. • 7. “Peppermint Shrimp.” Live Aquaria. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. <http://www.liveaquaria.com/product/prod_display.cfm?c=15+2971+701&pcatid=701>. • 8. “Reproductive cycle and ovarian development of the marine ornamental shrimp Stenopus hispidus in captivity.” Aquaculture: 185-90. Sciverse. Web. 29 Sept. 2012. <http://apps.webofknowledge.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=3&SID=4AaOo38hIDOdNhIf1Oa&page=1&doc=1>.