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Reproduction and Breeding

Reproduction and Breeding . Objectives. Discuss Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs). Discuss genetic engineering and its effect on animal agriculture. Label the major parts of male an female reproductive systems. Identify animals by gender.

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Reproduction and Breeding

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  1. Reproduction and Breeding

  2. Objectives • Discuss Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs). • Discuss genetic engineering and its effect on animal agriculture. • Label the major parts of male an female reproductive systems. • Identify animals by gender. • Identify methods used in artificial insemination of animals.

  3. Why? • Why is genetic engineering important to know about? • Why should we be able to ID animals by gender? • Why should we know about reproduction? • Why should we know about artificial insemination?

  4. What? • What is expected progeny difference? • What is genetic engineering? • What are different methods of AI?

  5. Expected Progeny Difference • A prediction of future progeny performance of one individual compared to another individual within a breed for a specific trait. • For registered animals. • In BW the lower the number the better.

  6. EPDs

  7. EPDs • Ex) MA: Milking ability • Daughter of Bull A are expected to wean calves which weigh 17 pounds heavier than calves of the daughters of Bull B.

  8. Genetic Engineering • The direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. • Involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest. • The introduction of new DNA does not require the use of classical genetic methods, however traditional breeding methods are typically used for the propagation of recombinant organisms. • An organism that is generated through the introduction of recombinant DNA is considered to be a genetically modified organism.

  9. GMO • Science, mice, and patents • The most commonly genetically modified animal is almost certainly the mouse. It is small, short-lived and sufficiently similar to humans to be an almost ideal laboratory animal. As a result, mice have not only been cloned and modified, they have led to an actual industry in the production of "knockout mice," that is, mice with a particular gene or set of genes inactivated for research purposes. • Trans Genic Inc asserts, "Currently, we are able to produce almost 1,000 strains of Knockout

  10. GMO • "Pharming" • Cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and pigs have been genetically modified with the aim of producing human proteins that are useful, generally as medicines. The gene transfer process is typically very inefficient, and cloning is seen as another way of propagating the GM animal. • A 1999 USDA report cited estimates that there was a $24 billion market for human proteins, and theoretically 600 transgenic cows could supply the worldwide demands for some drugs. In practice, however, several companies that have pursued this line have gone bust, and the profit potential seems less than it once did. • Genetic modification of animals in order to improve the prospects of organ transplants is also being investigated.

  11. GMO • Genetically modified fish as pets • A tropical fish genetically modified to glow in the dark went on sale in Taiwan in 2003 for about $17 each. A different variety of zebrafish, called "GloFish," which were created in Singapore, reached the United States market in January 2004. The distributor says that GloFish were originally developed to fluoresce only in the presence of pollutants, but that is not the form in which they are being sold. They cost about $5 each, and are intended to live in aquariums, but can breed and, in the right conditions, live in the wild. • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale without ceremony. A coalition led by the Center for Food Safety filed suit against the decision, but sales went ahead. In California, the Fish and Game Commission initially banned the fish but later agreed to hold hearings at the request of the distributor.

  12. GMO • Allergy-free cats? • A company called Transgenic Pets, in Syracuse, NY, was widely reported in 2001 to be working with scientists at the University of Connecticut to "remove the allergen gene" from cats. The company hoped to raise $2 million and sell the modified animals for $1,000 each. Funding problems ended the project.

  13. Reproduction • The process by which new organisms are derived normally involving the union of the male and female sex cells. • Female sex cells: Egg or ovum • Male sex cells: Sperm

  14. Male

  15. Testicles - produce spermatozoa & male hormone Testosterone • Scrotom - sack which carries testicles • functions as a heat regulator • Monorchid - one fertile testicle • Cryptorchid - both testes remain in body cavity (sterile) • Castration - removal of testicles • lack sex drive • gain weight quicker

  16. Epididymis - tube connects to testes • storage of spermatozoa (200 billion at a time) • spermatozoa mature as they migrate through • Vas Deferens - tube connects to epididymus • if removed, can't reproduce = vasectomy

  17. Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis • Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction

  18. Female

  19. Vulva - exterior portion of reproductive tract • provides visual signs of heat • Vagina - between vulva & cervix • Cows & Ewes: semen is deposited here • Mares & Sows: semen is deposited in the cervix

  20. Cervix - "Mouth of the womb" • opening into uterus • at birth cervix stretches to allowbaby to pass (most painful part) • during pregnancy cervix becomes blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection

  21. Uterine Horns - two branches of uterus • Fallopian Tube - uterine horn becomes a small tube • lined with cilia which aid in egg migration

  22. Ovaries • located at end of fallopian tubes • possesses large number of eggs in all stages of development • this is all the eggs she will ever have, unlike the male • very few eggs reach maturity • if not fertilized, the egg is reabsorbed by the body

  23. What does "in heat" mean? • Heat is the time when a female is receptive to the male and will allow breeding to take place • Heat is actually divided into 4 phases of the cycle.

  24. Estrous Cycle: • Proestrus: ovary is about to release an egg • Estrus: female receptivity • Metestrus: uterus prepares for pregnancy • fertilized egg attaches to uterus • Diestrus: longest period of cycle • inactive • Estrous Cycles stop after conception, and begin soon after Parturition (birth)

  25. Cattle

  26. Swine 3. Shoat refers to a young pig of either sex under one year of age.

  27. Sheep

  28. POULTRY

  29. One egg • It takes 25-27 hours for a chicken to produce one egg

  30. Dogs (Canines)

  31. Cats (Felines)

  32. Goats

  33. Horses

  34. Artificial Insemination • Process by which sperm is placed into the reproductive tract of a female for the purpose of impregnating the female by using means other than sexual intercourse or natural insemination.

  35. Artificial Insemination • Pros • Quality Sires: AI makes superior sire semen to be available to hundreds of female cows. Artificial insemination in dairy cattle, leads to sires of inheritance for butter fat and milk production. Prior to AI, only few cows could have the advantage of good bulls. • Decreased Costs and Increased Safety: Bulls are bigger and stronger than cows and generally quite difficult to handle around the farm. AI eliminates the need to have a bull on the farm, as semen can be easily transported. They can also be stored for a long period of time. Since maintaining males costs quite a bit, AI decreases the overall costs on the farm. • Reduction in Disease Transmission: The transfer of venereal diseases is quite likely to happen during natural mating. Certain pathogens can be transferred via the semen into the female, during AI as well, however, the screening done after semen collection prohibits this transfer. • Genetic Selection Improvement: Since one male's semen is more than enough to produce hundreds of offspring, the best few males can be selected for breeding. This helps maintain the vigor of the cattle breed. Artificial insemination in beef cattle helps maintain the genetic pool, thereby obtaining the right strain of beef cattle, required for meat production. Bulls of high genetic merit are available with AI.

  36. Artificial Insemination • Cons • Artificial insemination in cattle requires dexterity, patience, knowledge, experience, as well as specialized equipment. • Improper sterilization of equipment, unsanitary conditions, etc. • Preservation of semen sometimes difficult..

  37. Artificial Insemination

  38. Review • What is expected progeny difference? • What is genetic engineering? • What are different methods of AI?

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