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The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages. 1066-1485. 1066. King Edward the Confessor died without an heir The Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror) invaded England This leads to a new, French influence After 20 years, William I orders records of all land ownership, which becomes the Domesday Book .

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The Middle Ages

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  1. The Middle Ages 1066-1485

  2. 1066 King Edward the Confessor died without an heir The Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror) invaded England This leads to a new, French influence After 20 years, William I orders records of all land ownership, which becomes the Domesday Book

  3. Rise of Feudalism • Feudalism= economic, social, and political position determined by birth

  4. Problems with Feudalism • A strong vassal might decide to overpower a weak overlord

  5. Knights • Servants to their lords • Trained to be warriors • Granted the title of “Sir” • Based on complex social codes (chivalry)

  6. Women • No political rights • Subservient to husband, father, brother • Life of having and caring for children, housework, and fieldwork

  7. Chivalry System of ideals and social codes Must take oath of loyalty to overlord Governs warfare Encouraged “courtly love” Courtly love implies admiration and adoration (not physical love) The admired lady was set above the admirer Topic of many poems and stories

  8. Romance Courtly love and chivalry gave women an elevated status in some ways BUT Not really Actual outcome: romantic heroes saving the day

  9. Fall of Feudalism • More contact with the outside world= more business opportunities • Need for merchants, carpenters, stonemasons, other artisans • Yeomen, small landowners, replaced some of the knights

  10. Effects of Fall of Feudalism • Art is more geared toward “middle class” • Writers such as Chaucer focused more on “city classes” • Ballads were sung in public gathering places • Song or songlike poem that tells a story in a regular pattern of rhythm and rhyme

  11. The Decline of Feudalism Monetary System Before the Crusades After the Crusades • foreign coins are melted down • gold coins are used • peasants can earn gold in exchange for labor or goods • few coins exist • feudal lords make coins for use on their own property only • peasants can save money, have greater buying and selling power • serfs use barter system

  12. Religious Happenings • The Crusades to free Jerusalem from Turkish control begin • The Knights Templar is founded • A religious order whose mission was to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land

  13. The Crusades (1095—1270) • series of holy wars • waged by European Christians against Muslims in the Middle East • ultimately unsuccessful • Europeans benefit from contact with Arab civilization

  14. Benefits to Europeans from Crusades • Examples of sophisticated culture to which Europeans were exposed include • public libraries in Damascus and Baghdad • wealthy cities such as Cairo providing links to spice trade • universities such as Al-Azhar University in Cairo, one of the oldest universities in the world • medical knowledge—first accurate study of smallpox and measles

  15. Political Happenings • The Magna Carta • The Hundred Years War

  16. No freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way harmed, nor will we go upon him nor will we send upon him, except by the legal judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. To none will we sell, to none deny or delay, right or justice. —Magna Carta, clauses 39 and 40 The Magna Carta 1215 • Magna Carta—“Great Charter” • signed by King John, under pressure from English barons • protected rights of aristocrats • meant a return to more democratic tendencies

  17. The Hundred Years’ War 1337–1453 • war between England and France • England unsuccessful • leads to British national consciousness Yeoman • small landowners with longbows • begin to become dominant force (instead of knights)

  18. The final blow to feudalism The Black Death

  19. England’s population is reduced by one-third. Labor shortage gives lower classes more bargainingpower. Over time, serfs gain freedom. The Black Death 1348–1349 Black Death (bubonic plague) • highly contagious and fatal disease, spread by the fleas on infected rats • factor in decline of feudalism

  20. The Black Death • The symptoms of the bubonic plague included • blotches on the skin • hardening and swelling of the glands under the armpit or in the groin • delirium • insanity Death strangling a victim of the plague. From the Stiney Codex. Czeckoslovakia, 14th century.

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