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I. Transmutation

I. Transmutation. Transmutation - The conversion of one element to another element. All nuclear reactions are transmutation reactions except for gamma emission, which does not alter an atom ’ s atomic number. II. Induced Transmutation.

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I. Transmutation

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  1. I. Transmutation • Transmutation - The conversion of one element to another element. • All nuclear reactions are transmutation reactions except for gamma emission, which does not alter an atom’s atomic number.

  2. II. Induced Transmutation • Before 1919, the only way to change the nucleus or cause transmutation was to wait for nature. • In 1919 Rutherford was the first to induce (cause) transmutation. • He proved that nuclear reactions can be produced artificially. • Induced transmutation can occur by bombarding an atom with alpha particles, protons or neutrons.

  3. III. Transuranium Elements • Elements with atomic number above 92. • All transuranium elements undergo transmutation • None of the transuranium elements occur in nature and have been produced through induced transmutation.

  4. IV. Half-life • The time required for one-half of a radioisotope’s nuclei to decay into its products • After each half-life, half of the existing radioactive atoms have decayed into atoms of a new element • Amount remaining at time T = (initial amt)(1/2)n where n= number of half-lives • n = total time ÷ time of one half-life

  5. Practice Scientists start with 50.0 g sample of a radioisotope. How much is left after four half-lives? Half-Life Skip count 50.0 g 25.0 g 12.5 g 6.25 g 3.125 g ≈3.13 g 4 1 2 3

  6. 2. Iron-59 is used in medicine to diagnose blood circulation disorders. The half-life of iron 59 is 44.5 days. How much of a 2.000 mg sample will remain after 133.5 days? (first find out how many half-lives, then skip count)

  7. Half-Life Skip count 133.5 days 44.5 days = 3 half-lives 2.000 mg 1.000 mg 0.5000 mg 0.2500 mg 1 2 3

  8. V. Carbon-14 Dating • Carbon 14 dating is the process of determining the age of artifacts that were once part of a living organism by measuring the amount of 14C remaining in that artifact • Carbon-14 is radioactive and undergoes beta decay. It has a half-life of 5730 years.

  9. Carbon-14 • 14C evenly spread in the Earth’s biosphere • Plants incorporate 14C into their structure that matches the level in the atmosphere. • When an organism dies, 14C declines at a known rate. (Half-life of C-14 = 5730 years) • Comparing the remaining 14C fraction of a sample to that expected from atmospheric 14C allows the age of the sample to be estimated. • Dates carbon-bearing materials up to 62,000 years.

  10. Carbon-14 Decay • Using the graph, about what % of carbon-14 remains after 11, 400 years?

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