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Internet and Intranet Fundamentals

Internet and Intranet Fundamentals. Class 2 Session B. Topics. The Internet Part I History TCP / IP Protocol Suite. Internet History. Some resources The Internet Society http://www.isoc.org/internet-history/brief.html BBN Timeline http://www.bbn.com/timeline/. Internet History.

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Internet and Intranet Fundamentals

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  1. Internet and Intranet Fundamentals Class 2 Session B

  2. Topics • The Internet Part I • History • TCP / IP Protocol Suite

  3. Internet History • Some resources • The Internet Society • http://www.isoc.org/internet-history/brief.html • BBN Timeline • http://www.bbn.com/timeline/

  4. Internet History • Late 1950s: ARPA Founded • (Advanced Research Projects Agency) • J.C.R. Licklider first director of Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) • Early 1960s: Packet Switching Concepts Outlined • Leonard Kleinrock (UCLA) • Paul Baran, et. al. • Rand Corp.

  5. InternetPacket Switching Theory • First Paper • L. Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", RLE Quarterly Progress Report, July 1961. • First Book • L. Kleinrock, Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Delay, Mcgraw-Hill (New York), 1964.

  6. Internet History • 1965: ARPA Study “A Cooperative Network of Time-Sharing Computers” • 1967: Larry Roberts begins developing Rand concepts at ARPA • 1967: Packet Switch concept developed -- Interface Message Processor (IMP) • 1968: ARPA lets RFQ for 4 IMPs

  7. Internet History • 1969: ARPANET is born • 4 IMPs • UCLA, SRI, UCSB, U. of Utah • 1969: Network Working Group (NWG) formed to develop protocols • 1970: Network Control Protocol (NCP) created • precursor to TCP

  8. Internet History • 1971: Telnet and FTP defined by NWG • 1971: ARPANET grows to nearly 2 dozen sites • 1972: Public demonstration of ARPANET • 1972: First e-mail sent • Ray Tomlinson, Larry Roberts • 1973: First international ARPANET connections

  9. Internet History • 1975: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) defined • NCP not reliable • Robert Kahn (requirements) • Vinton Cerf (detailed design) • 1975: 63 Nodes • addressing revised • Telnet revised

  10. Internet History • 1976: First Internet routers • 1976: CCITT defines X.25 • Comite Consultatif Internationale de Telegraphique et Telephonique • X.25 = Packet Switching • 1976: Bell Labs develops UUCP • Unix-to-Unix copy • 1979: USENET established

  11. Internet History • 1980: 400 hosts, 10,000 users • 1981: Change from NCP to TCP/IP mandated • must go into effect by Jan 1, 1983 • 1982: DoD builds Defense Data Network based on TCP/IP • 1983: ARPANET splits into ARPANET and MILNET

  12. Internet History • 1983: TCP/IP established • 1983: Nameservers established • 1983: Desktop workstations introduced and LAN technologies take off • 1985: DNS established • 1985: >1,000 hosts • 1986: NSFNET founded

  13. Internet History • 1987: 4,000 hobbyist bulletin boards • 1988: ARPANET exceeds 77 million packets / day • 1988: ARPANET dismantling begins • 1989: ARPANET ceases to exist • now called Internet • 100,000 hosts

  14. Internet History • 1991: Archie, gopher, WAIS • 1991: Commercial Internet Exchange founded to handle commercial use of Internet • 1992: 17,000 networks in 33 countries • over 1 million hosts • 1993: WWW • 1993: InterNIC created

  15. Internet History • 1993: 1.5 million hosts in over 100 coutnries • 1994: US lawmakers consider National Information Infrastructure • 1994: Commercial users outnumber academic 2-to-1 • July 1994: 3,000,000 hosts

  16. Internet History • April 1995: Commercial online providers (Compuserve, AOL, Prodigy) offer access to Internet • July 1995: 20-30 million users estimated • Nov 1995: Commercial sites index: >15,000 • Nov 1995: Java, JavaScript, VRML

  17. Topics • Internet Protocols • TCP/IP Overview • Layers • IP Addressing • TCP • UDP • DNS

  18. Internet ProtoclsTCP/IP Overview • TCP / IP = Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol • Early 1970s • ARPANET • Distributed with UC Berkeley UNIX in Early 1980s • Public Domain, Non-Proprietary, Open Source

  19. Internet ProtocolsLayers • Four Layer Model • Application • Transport (TCP / UDP) • contains some Session features • Network (IP) • actually there are three sublayers • internet (IP) • convergence • subnet • Data Link and Physical

  20. Internet ProtocolsLayers • Packet Switching • datagrams • Nodes • hosts • end-user machines • clients or servers • routers • connecting different networks • a router is also a host of sorts

  21. Internet ProtocolsLayers • Connection-Oriented • TCP • reliable two-way, byte stream protocol • Connectionless • UDP = User Datagram Protocol • also known as the “Unreliable Datagram Protocol”

  22. Internet ProtocolsLayers

  23. Internet ProtocolsIP Addressing • Four Bytes Wide • Dotted Decimal Notation • 128.34.239.56 • high order to low order • or MSB to LSB • Network Number • can be 1, 2, or 3 bytes long • Host Number

  24. Internet ProtocolsIP Address Classses

  25. Internet ProtocolsIP Addressing • Reserved Addresses • all bits 0 on network number => this network • all bits 0 on host number => this host (localhost) • multicasting (broadcast) class D • class E reserved • Subnet Masking • portion of host number used to identify the subnet

  26. Internet ProtocolsTCP • Reliable, Bidirectional Byte Stream • like a UNIX pipe • End-to-End Reliability • Bandwidth Optimization (flow control) • Ports • source • destination

  27. Internet ProtocolsUDP • User Datagram Protocol • Ports (like TCP) • Length, Checksum, Data • no sequencing or acknowledgment structure • error handling left to applications protocol • DNS uses UDP

  28. Internet ProtocolsDNS • Domain Name System • Distributed • database scattered across thousands of nameservers • Top-Level Domains • root domain: . • net, edu, com, org, mil, and country codes (jp) • FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name

  29. DNS Naming Tree

  30. Internet ProtocolsDNS • Address Records (A records) • translates domain names to IP addresses • Mail Related Resource Records • MX Records • Caching • local nameservers can cache name-to-address translations for a period controlled by the authoritative nameserver

  31. DNS Architecture

  32. IPv6Chief Characteristics • Replaces IPv4 • current IP • Expands 32 bit addressing to 128 bit • Autoconfiguration • QOS Features • Reduced Overhead • Authentication/Privacy Provisions

  33. IPv6Development History • Mid 90s Scare re Address Space • seem to be running out • IPv4 has been updated to avoid this problem • IETF = Internet Engineering Task Force • recommended IPng (informal name) July 94 • RFC 1752

  34. IPv6Design Goals • Evolutionary Step • smooth transition from IPv4 • no disruption • peaceful coexistence • Plan for Future Applications • high bandwidth

  35. IPv6PDU • 4-bit Priority Field • 24-bit Flow Label • QOS • 16-bit Payload Length • 8-bit Next Header (same as IPv4) • identifies header immediately following IPv6 header • 8-bit Hop Limit • 128-bit Source and Destination Addresses

  36. +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Version| Prior | Flow Label | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | + + | | + Source Address + | | + + | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | + + | | + Destination Address + | | + + | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

  37. IPv6Extension Headers • Next Header Field • identifies type of optional extension header after IPv6 header • Extension Header Sandwiched between IPv6 and Transport Layer Protocol • Most Not Examined or Processed by Intermediate Routers • faster forwarding • Arbitrary Length

  38. IPv6Addressing • Ample Address Space • 2^^96 times that of IPv4 (2^^32) • 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 • 665,570,793,348,866,943,898,599 addresses per square meter of Earth surface • ignoring routing hierarchy • more pessimistic estimate: 1,564 addresses per square meter of Earth surface • Keep in Mind Device Control Apps

  39. IPv6Addressing • Unicast Hierarchy • Registry • Provider • Subscriber • Subnet • Interface

  40. IPv6Addressing • Anycast • packets routed to “nearest” interface with that address • Multicast • Scope Limiting Field • limits number of hosts to which packet is broadcast

  41. IPv6Security Features • IPv6 Authentication Header • authentication • integrity • but not confidentiality • addresses spoofing problem • IPv6 Encapsulating Security Header • integrity • confidentiality

  42. IPv6QOS Capabilities • Flow Label and Priority Fields • Flow • sequence of packets from source to destination • requiring special handling by intervening routers • Real-Time Service • Priority • source congestion control (backs off) vs. • non-back off

  43. IPv6Other Improvements • Expanded Packet Length • IPv4: 64KB packet length • IPv6: 4GB • “Jumbograms” • Autoconfiguration • allows a node to discover its own address upon booting • 6bone: experimental backbone for IPv6

  44. IPv6Summary • Good Idea • but no longer urgent • Will Probably Evolve

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