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Climate Lab Exercises Review and Analysis

Guidelines and questions from various lab exercises in meteorology class including radiation, temperature, and UV index. Practice your answers to enhance understanding.

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Climate Lab Exercises Review and Analysis

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  1. Meteo 3 Lab 2 9/11/2019

  2. Lab Reminders • Office Hour on Thursdays from 10-11am (or by appointment; email) • Clearly write your first and last name • Work with each other, but use your own words • Copied answers are, in fact, cheating, whether from a friend or the internet and the punishment can be severe. It’s not worth it!

  3. Review of Lab #1 • 1.7d • Shade where the isopleths are close together • 2.1c • Carbon Dioxide is a greenhouse gas • 2.6 • Use Stefan-Boltzmann to calculate energy • T = 289.15 K • E = 396 W/m2 • Emitting 396 W/m2 • Absorbing 500 W/m2 • Therefore, temperature is increasing

  4. Solar radiation (W/m2) Problem 2.7 • 2.7a • Use excel or graph paper (be neat!) • At what latitude does solar radiation vary the most? • At what latitude does solar radiation vary the least? • 2.7b • How is temperature related to incoming radiation? • At what latitude do you expect the most temperature variation? • At what latitude do you expect the least temperature variation? • What else about the environment can have an affect on the temperature?

  5. Problem 2.10 • 2.10a • Note: the Y-axis changes between Night 1 and Night 2 • What might cause the downwelling radiation to change and night? • What else emits radiation besides the sun? • 2.10b • Using the values on the Y-axis and eyeballing the average radiation, give average values for Night 1 and Night 2 • The more downwelling radiation, the warmer the surface • The less downwelling radiation, the cooler the surface • Recall: What does radiation have to do with temperature?

  6. Problem 2.11

  7. Problem 2.11 • Use both maps to answer the questions (a and b) • Where is the most amount of outgoing radiation? • Where is the least amount of outgoing radiation? • Why? What on the visible satellite image relates to the outgoing radiation? • How do we relate radiation to temperature? • Stefan Boltzmann Law: E = σT4 • The greater the temperature, the greater the energy emitted per unit area • What is emitting radiation in the desert? Clouds? Or Earth’s surface? Why?

  8. Problem 2.21 • 2.21a • Solar noon: when the sun is directly overhead (or highest in the sky outside of the tropics) • Does the UV index increase or decrease with increasing sun angle? • Are you more likely to get burnt midday or at sunrise/sunset? Why?

  9. Problem 2.21 • 2.21c • Is the UV index related to latitude? • Use the maps! • So we know that the sun angle is important for the UV index … how does the sun angle change with latitude? • 2.21d • Does the UV index depend on clouds? • Do clouds increase or decrease the UV index? • Use the maps!

  10. Directly above 90o Problem 3.1 D Max Altitude Angle Horizon 0o • Maximum altitude of sun = 90o – D • D = (Your Latitude) – (Latitude of direct overhead Sun) • Equinox (spring and fall) Direct overhead sun is at 0o (equator) • Winter Solstice Direct overhead sun is at 23.5oS • Summer Solstice Direct overhead sun is at 23.5oN Hint: N and S have signs (+/-) and these will be important for your answers!

  11. Maximum altitude of sun = 90o – D D = (Your Latitude) – (Latitude of direct overhead Sun) Example Washington, DC is located at 39ᵒN. Determine the maximum altitude of the sun during the fall/spring equinox and the winter solstice. • Spring and Fall Equinox (at what latitude is the sun overhead?) • D = [39° - 0°]= 39° • Max Altitude of sun: 90° - D = [90° - 39°] = 51° • Winter solstice (at what latitude is the sun overhead?) • D = [39° - (-23.5°)] = 62.5° • Max Altitude of sun: 90° - D = [90° - 62.5°] = 27.5° Hint: N and S have signs (+/-) and these will be important for your answers!

  12. Problem 3.4 • Match cities to the data based on what you know about climatology • Consider: • Latitude  warmer locations are closer to equator • Proximity to water  think about the heat capacity of water versus land • Elevation  high elevations tend to be cooler • Wind direction  where is the wind coming from? • Use a map! Dallas, TX Fargo, ND Portland, OR West Palm Beach, FL

  13. Problem 3.6 • Match cities to the data based on what you know about climatology • Now, all cities have the same latitude • What else is important for climatology? (Refer to previous problem) • Wind is important here, consider prevailing (most common) wind direction New York, NY Omaha, NE Eureka, CA

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