Chapter 27

1. Chapter 27 The Civil Rights Movement 1945-1975 “What were the causes, main events, and effects of the civil rights movement?”

2. Early Demands for EqualitySection 1 • “How did African Americans challenge segregation after WWII?” • Vocabulary: -de jure segregation Earl Warren -de facto segregation Rosa Parks -Civil Rights Act of 1957 Thurgood Marshall -Montgomery bus boycott -Martin Luther King, Jr. -Brown v. Board of Education

3. Standards • SSUSH22 • The student will identify dimensions of the Civil Rights movement 1945-1970. • SSUSH22.a • Explain the importance of President Truman's order to integrate the U.S. military and the federal government. • SSUSH22.b • Identify Jackie Robinson and the integration of baseball. • SSUSH22.c • Explain Brown v. Board of Education and efforts to resist the decision. • SSUSH22.d • Describe the significance of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from a Birmingham Jail and his I have a dream speech. • SSUSH22.e • Describe the causes and consequences of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

4. Early Demands for Equality Segregation Divides America Main Idea: African Americans suffered many forms of discrimination, including segregation that separated blacks and whites in hospitals, schools, restaurants and other areas of public life. In the 1940s, new efforts arose to fight these injustices, but they had limited success. Brown v. Board of Education Main Idea: The NAACP pushed to end segregation in schools and finally had major success with the case Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka Kansas. Federal and State Governments Clash Main Idea: When the governor of Arkansas tried to prevent African Americans from attending a previously all-white school, Eisenhower sent Federal troops to enforce the law and protect the students. The Montgomery Bus Boycott Main Idea: After Rosa Parks violated a Montgomery law by refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, she was arrested, which ultimately led to a year-long bus boycott by African Americans.

5. Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

6. Segregation Divides America • Jim Crow Laws limit African Americans -de jure segregation: segregation imposed by law -Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: ruled segregation was constitutional as long as facilities were equal • Segregation prevails around the nation -de facto segregation: segregation by tradition, resulted in discrimination in housing and jobs

7. Civil Rights Movement Grows • World War II was the beginning of the civil rights movement -FDR banned discrimination in the defense industry -James Farmer founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); advocated non-violent methods to gain civil rights -Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 -President Truman desegregated the military

8. Truman supported civil rights Congress refused to act Truman ended discrimination in hiring federal employees Truman ordered an end to segregation in the armed forces Jackie Robinson – first African American in pro baseball Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers 1947, league’s most valuable player Opened the way for other African American athletes The Struggle for Equality

9. James Farmer

10. Brown v. Board of Education • 1954, NAACP challenged the “separate but equal” principle • Thurgood Marshall headed the legal team • Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote decision, which was unanimous • “Southern Manifesto” Congressmen opposed to Brown • Ku Klux Klan staged a revival

11. Federal and State Governments Clash • Conflict erupts in Little Rock, Arkansas • Central High School; nine African American students volunteered to enroll • Governor Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to block the students • President Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock to enforce the Court’s decision • Civil Rights Act of 1957: U.S. Civil Rights Commission (law lacked teeth)

12. Little Rock • 1957 Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas • Governor Orval Faubus posted National Guard to keep African American student out • Eisenhower sent soldiers to protect the nine students

13. Montgomery Bus Boycott • In 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man • Boycott – African Americans did not ride the but system until segregation on buses changed • Martin Luther King, Jr. became spokesperson • Supreme Court ruled bus segregation illegal

14. Martin Luther King, Jr.

15. Ministers Form SCLC • Montgomery bus boycott showed the power of unity • Elevated King and nonviolence • King and Ralph Abernathy established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

16. Working Toward Equal Rights TRANSPARENCY

17. King’s Philosophy of Nonviolent Protest INFOGRAPHIC

18. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency

19. The Movement Gains GrownSection 2 • How did the civil rights movement gain ground? • Vocabulary: -sit-in Medgar Evers -SNCC March on Washington -freedom ride filibuster -James Meredith -Civil Rights Act of 1964

20. The Movement Gains Ground Student Activists Make a Difference Main Idea: Young African Americans who were frustrated with the lack of progress used non-violent protests to fight continuing segregation in the 1960s. Riding for Freedom Main Idea: After a Supreme Court ruling that segregation on interstate buses was illegal, civil rights activists planned a “freedom ride” to force the federal government to enforce the decision. Protests and Confrontations Intensify Main Idea: Protesters who continued to fight against racial discrimination were often the targets of violence, but they convinced President Kennedy to propose new civil rights legislation. The Movement Marches on Washington Main Idea: Thousands of civil rights supporters participated in the March on Washington to pressure Congress to pass a new civil rights bill. Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Main Idea: When Johnson became President, he pushed to get the Civil Rights Act passed, banning segregation in public places, outlawing discrimination in employment, and taking many other steps in improving civil rights.

21. Sit-Ins • 1943, Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago; used by CORE • 1960, four students from NC A&T sat at Woolworth’s counter in Greensboro, NC

22. SNCC Promotes Nonviolent Protest • Sit-ins marked new militancy • Ella Baker helped organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Goal to create a grass-roots movement to involve all classes of African Americans to attain equality

23. Freedom Rides • Boynton v. Virginia 1960, integrated bus waiting rooms and restaurants • 1961, bus left Washington, D.C.; Anniston, AL, bus attacked and firebombed; riders were beaten • Resulted in desegregation of all transportation

24. Riding for Freedom INFOGRAPHIC

25. Integration at “Ole Miss” • James Meredith, Air Force veteran • Supreme Court upheld Meredith’s admission to University of Mississippi • Governor Ross Barnett blocked the way to the admissions office • Violence erupted; two killed with hundreds hurt • President Kennedy sent army troops to restore order and marshals escorted him to class

26. James Meredith

27. Birmingham Jail • Martin Luther King, Jr. held protest marches and sit-ins • Charged with parading without a permit, “Bull” Conner, the police commissioner, arrested King and other demonstrators • King was released after a week and adds children to the marchers; Connor arrested more than 900 children • Police use high-pressure fire hoses and dogs • TV coverage focused attention on protesters • City facilities are desegregated

30. “Bull” Connor

31. Kennedy on Civil Rights • Persuaded Georgia judge to release King on bail, resulting in increasing African American vote in 1960 election • Embarrassed by world’s response to Freedom Rides in 1961 • Proposed civil rights bill, but southern segregationists in Congress kept it from coming up for a vote

32. March on Washington • August 1963; organized by A. Philip Randolph • Many leaders and celebrities took part • Speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. • “I have a dream…”, page 832

33. The March on Washington TRANSPARENCY

34. Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

35. Johnson on Civil Rights • Civil Rights Act of 1964: (1)Banned use of different voter registration standards (2)Prohibited discrimination in public areas (3)Allowed the withholding of federal funds (4)Banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin (5)Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate charges of job discrimination

36. Anne Moody • College student from Centreville, Mississippi • Joined NAACP, CORE, and SNCC • Brother beaten and nearly lynched • Told to never return home, but continued to protest • Wrote Coming of Age in Mississippi • Left South to move to North; she felt that things remained the same in Mississippi, regardless of the protests

37. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency

38. New Successes and ChallengesSection 3 • “What successes and challenges faced the civil rights movement after 1964?” • Vocabulary: -Freedom Summer Kerner Commission -Fannie Lou Hamer Malcolm X -Voting Rights Act Nation of Islam -black power Black Panthers -Twenty-fourth Amendment

39. New Successes and Challenges The Push for Voting Rights Main Idea: Many African Americans were still not registered to vote, and growing protests led to new legislation to guarantee voting rights. Frustration Explodes Into Violence Main Idea: In urban areas, frustration over continuing discrimination turned to anger and violent racial riots. New Voices for African Americans Main Idea: During the mid-1960s radical African Americans such as Malcolm X and the Black Panthers offered new methods of responding to discrimination. Martin Luther King’s Final Days Main Idea: Martin Luther King continued to believe in non-violent protest and fought what he thought were injustices until his assassination in 1968. Significant Gains and Controversial Issues Main Idea: By the end of the 1960s, steps had been made to end segregation and raise the incomes and education levels of African Americans, but controversy continued to exist over racial issues. Continued…

40. Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

41. Freedom Summer - 1964 • Voter registration drive in Mississippi • A thousand volunteers came to register African Americans to vote • Three men were reported missing and found buried in an earthen dam • Each had been beaten to death • 80 mob attacks (KKK) • Churches and homes burned

43. Selma March 1965

44. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Federal officials could register voters in places where local officials were blocking registration by African Americans • Effectively eliminated literacy tests and other barriers • 400,000 African Americans registered to vote in the Deep South

45. African American Voter Registration CHART

46. Twenty-fourth Amendment • Ratified in 1964 • Barred the use of the poll tax in federal elections

47. Racial Violence • Riot in Watts in Los Angles • Riots in Newark, NJ and Detroit, MI, summer of 1967 • Kerner Commission long-term racial discrimination led to riots

48. Riots • De jure segregation: created by law • De facto segregation: caused by social conditions • Rochester, NY; New York City; New Jersey; Los Angeles (Watts) • Kerner Commission investigated the riots

49. Urban Riots TRANSPARENCY

50. Malcolm X • Malcolm Little, jailed for seven years; joined the Nation of Islam or Black Muslims, which preached black separation and self-help • Formed Muslim Mosque, Inc. • Trip to Saudi Arabia changed his mind; killed by Nation of Islam members