Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla

1. Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla Grouping Organisms And Classification

2. Age of Life on Earth • 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryotes came first) • 1.5 million species have been named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner)

4. Domains 3 largest classification groups Archaea Eubacteria Eukarya

6. THREE Domains…Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya Prokaryotic (no true nucleus) (true nucleus) (true bacteria) (extreme (protists bacteria) fungi plants animals)

7. TAXONS • Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya • Kingdom (6) • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

8. King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain memorize

9. This is the one organism you need to memorize.

11. Ever hear of E. coli? • It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name of Escherichia coli

12. T. rex. • Tyrannosaurus rex • Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter.

13. binomial nomenclature • is the two part name of organisms. two terms: the genusname and the species

14. Example: Common name = sugar pineScientific name = Pinus lambertiana • ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosalodgepole pine: Pinus contorta

15. Some Unusual Names • Calponea harrisonfordi(spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary. • Lalapa lusa(tiphiid wasp) • Phytophthora infestans(fungus of the Irish potato famine) • Tabanus nippontucki(horse fly) • Gelae baen(fungus beetle)

16. Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli • Genus first letter is CAPITALIZED (written first) • Species is lower case • Written in Latin • Italicized OR underlined

18. Carolus Linnaeus: devised the binomial nomenclature system 1707-1778 • Studied medicine • Disappointed parents that he did not enter priesthood • Studied plants to make medicines Our Hero

19. Linnaeus’ Botanical Garden Classification Chart of Primates

20. Where do the name come from? • Often they are Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from a local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns.

21. Some Unusual Names • Calponea harrisonfordi(spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary. • Lalapa lusa(tiphiid wasp) • Phytophthora infestans(fungus of the Irish potato famine) • Tabanus nippontucki(horse fly) • Gelae baen(fungus beetle)

22. Dichotomous Key • An identification key, also known as a dichotomous key, is a method of deducing the correct species assignment of a living thing.

23. Two Ways to Make the Key

24. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

25. 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 • 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5 • 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny • 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3 • 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. • 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4 • 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime • 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter • 5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill • 5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill

26. EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key (click Here)

27. All Tree Leaves • Needles Broadleaf Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small (numbers are better) Can use tree guides.

28. Tips • Better if the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not". • If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word. • 1. a. leaves with lobes • b. leaves single (no lobes)

29. Some common terms • lobed and one entire • serrated

30. Some examples • Round, serrated Base not even • Teeth wide, sunken veins

31. Examples • Four pointed lobes Leaflets across • Deep lobes almost to rib

32. Some even have more than one shape on the same tree

33. Get Handout: Good Tips • Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves • One key/lab table • Use 4 feet of white paper • Use measurements (5 cm) rather than terms like "large" and "small". • Use terms others would understand. • Always make two choices. • Leaves will be taped at the end of the division.

34. Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic PROKARYOTIC No true nucleus (called a nucleoid) smaller EUKARYOTIC True nucleus with a membrane larger Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic

35. Six Kingdoms: Get Handout

36. Two Domains are Prokaryotic • Genetic material NOT in a nucleus (called a nucleoid instead) • INCLUDES: • Eubacteria –true bacteria 2. Archaea– extreme bacteria (sometimes “archaebacteria”) • Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria) (2:33)

37. Kingdom: Archaeaor Archaebacteria) • Prokaryotic –no true nucleus • Cell walls with no peptidoglycan(see next slide) • Unicellular – one celled • Live in most extreme environments • Discovering Archaea (3:24) FYI: Discovered 1977

38. What is peptidoglycan? • A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides (sugars) and peptides (proteins) found in the cell walls of bacteria

39. Kingdom: Archaea • Thermophiles –love heat • Psychrophiles –cold-loving • Acidophiles –love acidic environments • Halophiles-love salty • Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom)

40. Archaea Examples Found in hot springs • Thermus aquaticus (Extremophiles Youtube)

41. Archaea Examples A-thermophile B-halophile C-halophile D-carbonatphile E-halophile F-calcium carbonatphile -What are extremophiles? (54 secs) -Extremophiles (1:25) -Bozeman Biology: Archaea (7:16)

42. Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria) • Prokaryotic – no true nucleus (just a nucleoid) • Cell wall with peptidoglycan • Unicellular –one-celled • Diverse environments and metabolism

43. Eubacteria (Common) • Staphylococcus • Anthracis bacillus • Escherichia coli • Streptococcus

44. Eubacteria Examples • Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Staphylococcus aureus(skin)

45. Domain: Eukarya HAVE A NUCLEUS (membrane around the Genetic material) Includes 4 Kingdoms: Protists Fungi Animals Plants

46. Kingdom: Protista • Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus • Usually unicellular • Varied cell walls • (Plant-like, animal-like, fungus –like)

47. Plant-like protists (have chlorophyll) Animal-like protists (Move) Fungus-like protists (slime molds move like amoeba, decomposer) PROTISTA

48. Euglena Paramecium Protista ExamplesProtist Youtube Stentor Volvox (colonial)

49. Kingdom: FUNGI • Eukaryotic • Cell walls of chitin –stiffener • Can be multicellular or unicellular

50. Fungi • Yeast (unicellular fungi) • Can you see the budding?