Of the People

1. Of the People Chapter 3: The English Come to Stay 1600–1660

2. Common Threads >> After the failure at Roanoke, how were the English finally able to plant successful colonies? >> Why did the Jamestown Colony almost fail, and why did the New England ones succeed almost immediately? Can the Chesapeake or New England experience be considered more “typical” of what would become the United States? >> How did the gender and family orders differ in the Chesapeake and in New England, and what impact did gender and family have in shaping these societies? >> What were the similarities and differences in each region’s relations with Native Americans? >> What role did religion play in shaping the Puritan colonies?

3. The English Come to Stay1600-1660 • Overview • The First Chesapeake Colonies • The Political Economy of Slavery Emerges • A Bible Commonwealth in the New England Wilderness • Dissension in the Puritan Ranks

4. The English Come to Stay1600-1660 • The First Chesapeake Colonies • Planning Virginia • Starving Times • Troubled Relations with the Powhatans • Toward a New Political Economy • Toward the Destruction of the Powhatans • A New Colony in Maryland

5. The English Come to Stay1600-1660 • The Political Economy of Slavery Emerges • The Problem of a Labor Supply • The Origins of Slavery in the Chesapeake • Gender and the Social Order in the Chesapeake

6. The English Come to Stay1600-1660 • A Bible Commonwealth in the New England Wilderness • The English Origins of the Puritan Movement • What Did the Puritans Believe? • The Pilgrim Colony at Plymouth • The Puritan Colony at Massachusetts Bay • The New England Way • Changing the Land to Fit the Political Economy • The Puritan Family

7. The English Come to Stay1600-1660 • Dissension in the Puritan Ranks • Roger Williams and Toleration • Anne Hutchinson and the Equality of Believers • Puritan Indian Policy and the Pequot War

8. The English Come to Stay1600-1660 • Conclusion

9. AMERICAN PORTRAITThe Adventures of John Rolfe “Rarely in history is one person so directly responsible for the demise of his own dreams.” • Rolfe became famous in England for: • introducing a successful strain of tobacco in Virginia • The economic salvation of the colony • marrying a Powhatan princess, Pocahontas • Rolfe believed the English and Indians could live in harmony. • Yet, his life with Pocahontas and the Powhatans ended in tragedy. • In what ways was he directly responsible for the demise of his dreams? “Tobacco proved the economic salvation of Virginia, making many men and women rich and robbing others of their freedom.”

10. The First Chesapeake Colonies • Planning Virginia • After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, her successor—King James I—altered the course of English colonization with two interrelated policy changes: • Peace with Spain • Adoption of Richard Hakluyt’s vision of colonization • Two charters granted by James in 1609: The Virginia Company and The Plymouth Company • How did the King and the company members intend to profit from their investments in these ventures? • Jamestown founded in 1607 • The colony was designed to find gold and/or the elusive “northwest passage” while acquiring food from local Indians through trade. • How did the Virginia expedition differ from Roanoke? • Did the organizers take full advantage of the Roanoke disasters? • Why did the colonists fail to get along with each other and the local Indians?

11. The First Chesapeake Colonies • Starving Times, 1607-1616 • Why did colonists die off in droves? • Captain John Smith takes charge, 1608-1609 • Smith’s military-style discipline works to offset these losses. • In what ways didn’t this style of leadership work? • Troubled Relations with the Powhatans • How had the English antagonized Chief Powhatan during the first few years of the colony? • First Anglo-Powhatan War, 1610-1614 • Governor De La Warr launches an attack on an Indian village, 1610 • How did the colonists conduct themselves in this attack? • The marriage between John Rolfe and the Chief’s daughter Pocahontas ushers in peace.

12. The First Chesapeake Colonies • Toward a New Political Economy • How did everything begin to change for the colony beginning in 1616? • How did the introduction of tobacco affect the colony’s: • Population? • Territory? • Labor needs? • Toward the Destruction of the Powhatans • Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1622 • What brought on this second war with the Powhatans and their new chief, Opechancanough • What new Indian policy was established? • A New Colony in Maryland • What commercial opportunity lured Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, to obtain in 1632 a colony charter in North America? • What was unique about the governing structure of Maryland?

13. The Political Economy of Slavery Emerges “Like other foreign colonies, Virginia achieved prosperity by feeding European cravings.” • Four forces shaped Chesapeake society: • weak government • the market for tobacco • the availability of land • need for labor • The Problem of a Labor Supply • ~90% of Virginia immigrants were indentured servants • Who were they and what were their lives like? • The Origins of Slavery in the Chesapeake • It would take roughly 3/4 of a century for Virginia to shift completely to black slavery. • What conditions made black slave labor more desirable for Virginia planters than white servant labor? • “As long as the black population remained small, the color line was blurry.” • Although northern Europeans harbored prejudices against dark-skinned peoples, they did not use race (yet) to justify slavery • Black slave and white servant societies commingled • Laws restricting free African Americans would not be passed in Virginia until the late 17th century. • Gender and the Social Order in the Chesapeake • How did the advent of the tobacco economy impact gender relations and the family structure.

14. A Bible Commonwealth in the New England Wilderness “In many ways the Virginia and Massachusetts colonies could not have been more different.…Nonetheless, the Puritan movement was a product of the same consolidation and growth of national states in Europe and the expansion of commerce that led to the European exploration of the New World.” • The English Origins of the Puritan Movement • Why did King Henry VIII establish a new independent Anglican Church? • What Did the Puritans Believe? • How did the Puritan rejection of Catholicism differ from King Henry’s? • The Pilgrim Colony at Plymouth • What was the purpose of this “separatist” colony? • How did they serve the interests of the Virginia company? • Why did they leave Holland? • The Mayflower Compact, 1620 • Why was the peace arrangement established with Chief Massoit and the Pokanokets. • What role did the cultural mediator, Squanto, play in this arrangement?

15. A Bible Commonwealth in the New England Wilderness • The Puritan Colony at Massachusetts Bay • How was this colony able to quickly eclipse the economy of Plymouth and catch up to Virginia? • The New England Way • How did this “non-separatist” colony differ from Plymouth? • What was Governor John Winthrop’s vision of the colony? • Changing the Land to Fit the Political Economy • “The Puritans’ notion of exclusive land rights was a cornerstone of their political economy.” • The Puritan Family • “Puritans lived in fear of lawlessness, and they used the family as an instrument of order.” • Wife as “deputy husband” • What were the broader social consequences of this arrangement?

16. Dissension in the Puritan Ranks “The Puritan movement embodied tensions that inevitably made for individual and social turmoil.” • Roger Williams and Toleration • Owing to his extreme separatists views, Williams charges the colony with committing a number of heresies. • Williams is subsequently banished from the colony, 1635 • Williams and other dissenters congregate in Rhode Island and receive their royal charter in 1644. • Anne Hutchinson and the Equality of Believers • How did Hutchinson’s strict Calvinist views lead her into troubles with the authorities in the colony? • Puritan Indian Policy and the Pequot War • What were the economic forces that led to the Pequot War of 1637? • What was the legacy of this war for the Indians of southern New England?

17. The English Come to Stay1600-1660 • Revisiting the Common Threads >> After the failure at Roanoke, how were the English finally able to plant successful colonies? >> Why did the Jamestown Colony almost fail, and why did the New England ones succeed almost immediately? Can the Chesapeake or New England experience be considered more “typical” of what would become the United States? >> How did the gender and family orders differ in the Chesapeake and in New England, and what impact did gender and family have in shaping these societies? >> What were the similarities and differences in each region’s relations with Native Americans? >> What role did religion play in shaping the Puritan colonies?