Complex Sentences and Appositives

1. Complex Sentences and Appositives Using Adjective Clauses

2. Key Vocab • DC • Adjective • Relative pronoun • Appositive

3. Adjective Clause • Definition: a clause that begins with a relative pronoun. It functions as an adjective • who was coming to the party. • that I wanted to complete • which was helpful

4. Relative Pronouns • Begin adjective clauses • who, whom,whose, that, which • who, whom, and whose refer to people • that and which refer to other nouns

5. Placement of Adjective Clauses • Adjective clauses follow the noun or pronoun that they modify in the sentence. • He was the person who won the contest. • The light that was turnedon took away the gloominess of the day.

6. Punctuation of Adjective Clauses • Restrictive (or essential/necessary) adjective clauses: necessary to the meaning of the sentence--DO NOT USE COMMAS • Sounder was the film that I saw last night. • The man who wore the brown coat was the winner. • Adjective clauses that begin with that are always essential.

7. Punctuation of Adjective Clauses • Nonrestrictive (nonessential/unnecessary) Adjective Clauses add extra information to sentences. THEY REQUIRE THE USE OF COMMAS. • Notorious, which is one of Alfred Hitchcock’s best films, is frequently shown on television. • Jenny, who is nice, drove everyone home from the game.

8. Tips for punctuation • If the Adj DC follows a proper noun, you can usually assume it requires a comma • Use a comma for which • Do NOT use a comma for that

9. Examples • My brother who is named Olly gave me a nickel to buy some candy. • I have two brothers. • My brother, who is named Olly, gave me a nickel to buy some candy. • I have only one brother.

10. Adjective Clauses: Underline • The boy who was in the play lived next door. • The clock, which ticked incessantly, kept me awake. • He knew the words to the song that no one else knew. • Columbus, which is the capital of Ohio, is growing rapidly.

12. Who and Whom • Who – use when it’s the subject of a clause Who will go home early? • Whom (objective case) – use when it’s the object of a verb • direct object • indirect object • object of preposition • To whom am I speaking? • Give whom the coffee?

13. Practice: Underline the Adj DC and add commas where needed • The chicken that bit me is now on my dinner plate. • Gail who is a monkey trainer failed to inform me of the primate meeting. • The students who studied will pass the test. (It is known that they all studied.) • The students who studied will pass the test. (Only some of the students studied.) • The students who are seniors will do the senior project.

14. Who/Whom Rule • The quick test – ask yourself if you would use he or him? • If you would use he, use who. • If you would use him, use whom. • If it’s part of an Adj DC, use who, • If it’s not part of an Adj DC, use whom.

15. Appositives • Def: Noun that restates the noun it follows • Jackie, my best friend, rode the horse in the parade. • The book, the one about Hitler, was disturbing. • I am reading the book The Kite Runner.

16. Commas with appositives Commas usually separate appositives. You do not use commas, however, when the appositive is restrictive or essential. • My dog Rover is a golden retriever; my dog Missy is a black lab. • I lost my ring, the one with the fake diamond in it.