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Structure of Bacteria

Structure of Bacteria. Size of Bacteria. Average bacteria 0.5 - 2.0 um in diam. RBC is 7.5 um in diam. Surface Area ~12 um^2 Volume is ~4 um Surface Area to Volume is 3:1 Typical Eukaryote Cell SA/Vol is 0.3:1 Food enters through SA, quickly reaches all parts of bacteria

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Structure of Bacteria

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  1. Structure of Bacteria

  2. Size of Bacteria • Average bacteria 0.5 - 2.0 um in diam. • RBC is 7.5 um in diam. • Surface Area ~12 um^2 • Volume is ~4 um • Surface Area to Volume is 3:1 • Typical Eukaryote Cell SA/Vol is 0.3:1 • Food enters through SA, quickly reaches all parts of bacteria • Eukaroytes need structures & organelles Chapter 4

  3. Shapes of Bacteria • Coccus • Chain = Streptoccus • Cluster = Staphylococcus • Bacillus • Chain = Streptobacillus • Coccobacillus • Vibrio = curved • Spirillum • Spirochete • Square • Star Chapter 4

  4. Chapter 4

  5. Chapter 4

  6. Chapter 4

  7. Chapter 4

  8. Chapter 4

  9. Bacterial Structures • Flagella • Pili • Capsule • Plasma Membrane • Cytoplasm • Cell Wall • Lipopolysaccharides • Teichoic Acids • Inclusions • Spores Chapter 4

  10. Flagella • Motility - movement • Swarming occurs with some bacteria • Spread across Petri Dish • Proteus species most evident • Arrangement basis for classification • Monotrichous; 1 flagella • Lophotrichous; tuft at one end • Amphitrichous; both ends • Peritrichous; all around bacteria • Observe Picture in Micro Lab. Chapter 4

  11. Chapter 4

  12. Mono- or Lophotrichorus Chapter 4

  13. Chapter 4

  14. Pili • Short protein appendages • smaller than flagella • Adhere bacteria to surfaces • E. coli has numerous types • K88, K99, F41, etc. • Antibodies to will block adherance • F-pilus; used in conjugation • Exchange of genetic information • Flotation; increase boyancy • Pellicle (scum on water) • More oxygen on surface Chapter 4

  15. F-Pilus for Conjugation Chapter 4

  16. Capsule or Slime Layer • Glycocalyx - Polysaccharide on external surface • Adhere bacteria to surface • S. mutans and enamel of teeth • Prevents Phagocytosis • Complement can’t penetrate sugars Chapter 4

  17. Cytoplasm • 80% Water {20% Salts-Proteins) • Osmotic Shock important • DNA is circular, Haploid • Advantages of 1N DNA over 2N DNA • More efficient; grows quicker • Mutations allow adaptation to environment quicker • Plasmids; extra circular DNA • Antibiotic Resistance • No organelles (Mitochondria, Golgi, etc.) Chapter 4

  18. Cell Membrane • Bilayer Phospholipid • Water can penetrate • Flexible • Not strong, ruptures easily • Osmotic Pressure created by cytoplasm Chapter 4

  19. Chapter 4

  20. Chapter 4

  21. Chapter 4

  22. Cell Wall Peptido-glycan Polymer (amino acids + sugars) Unique to bacteria Sugars; NAG & NAM N-acetylglucosamine N-acetymuramic acid D form of Amino acids used not L form Hard to break down D form Amino acids cross link NAG & NAM Chapter 4

  23. Chapter 4

  24. Chapter 4

  25. Chapter 4

  26. Chapter 4

  27. Chapter 4

  28. Chapter 4

  29. Cell Wall Summary • Determine shape of bacteria • Strength prevents osmotic rupture • 20-40% of bacteria • Unique to bacteria • Some antibiotics effect directly • Penicillin Chapter 4

  30. Video Clip on Cell Wall Chapter 4

  31. Teichoic Acids • Gram + only • Glycerol, Phosphates, & Ribitol • Attachment for Phages Chapter 4

  32. Chapter 4

  33. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Endotoxin or Pyrogen Fever causing Toxin nomenclature Endo- part of bacteria Exo- excreted into environment Structure Lipid A Polysaccharide O Antigen of E. coli, Salmonella G- bacteria only Alcohol/Acetone removes Chapter 4

  34. Chapter 4

  35. Chapter 4

  36. LPS (cont’d) • Functions • Toxic; kills mice, pigs, humans • G- septicemia; death due to LPS • Pyrogen; causes fever • DPT vaccination always causes fevers • Adjuvant; stimulates immunity • Heat Resistant; hard to remove • Detection (all topical & IV products) • Rabbits (measure fever) • Horse shoe crab (Amoebocytes Lyse in presence of LPS) Chapter 4

  37. LPS (cont’d.) • Appearance of Colonies • Mucoid = Smooth (lots of LPS or capsule) • Dry = Rough (little LPS or capsule) • O Antigen of Salmonella and E. coli • 2,000 different O Ags of Salmonella • 100’s different O Ags of E. coli • E. coli O157 • O Ags differ in Sugars, not Lipid A Chapter 4

  38. Endospores • Resistant structure • Heat, irradiation, cold • Boiling >1 hr still viable • Takes time and energy to make spores • Location important in classification • Central, Subterminal, Terminal • Bacillus stearothermophilus -spores • Used for quality control of heat sterilization equipment • Bacillus anthracis - spores • Used in biological warfare Chapter 4

  39. Chapter 4

  40. Chapter 4

  41. G+ vs. G- • G+ • Thicker cell wall • Teichoic Acids • G- • Endotoxin - LPS • Which are more sensitive to Penicllin? • Alcohol/Acetone affects which more? Chapter 4

  42. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Cell Wall • Teichoic Acids • LPS • Endospores • Circular DNA • Plasmids Chapter 4

  43. Eukaryote Cell Structure Chapter 4

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