Importance of Bacteria

1. Importance of Bacteria ON LAND & IN THE WATER

2. Ewww!.....Or is it?? • We eat bacteria with every mouthful of food we eat. We are covered in bacteria. Bacteria line _____________, ___________, ______________, ______________. • The bacterium, ______________________, is a species that has allowed for tremendous advances in all fields of biological sciences as a model system and is partly responsible for allowing us to _______________ and ______________________ as the primary commensal component of our intestinal flora. • Yet, most people probably associate _________ with the rarer ______________ strains that cause disease and have been in countless newspapers headlines. • Clearly, we live surrounded by and enveloped with bacteria all the time, and they do not cause us disease. In the majority of cases, diseases occur when conditions in the environment or with the host allow for disease to occur. • The same will be seen for ______________________________.

3. You Don’t Say!! • To date, no environment on the Earth has been found to be ______ of bacteria. • They are tiny, and only a very few species are __________to the unaided eye. Because of their __________, relatively few bacteria are well known. • Most of those that are well known either have some relation to _________________ (acting as __________, or agents of disease) • Probably the most common, and often one-sided, way people are exposed to bacteria is from _______________________________. • Stories of “_________” bacteria, flesh-eating bacteria, infection-causing bacteria, and others prompt the production of ______________, ______________, and _________and all manner of weaponry to “___________” bacteria. • Do these soaps, lotions eliminate bacteria? We’ll find out later.

4. Importance of Bacteria:1. Nitrogen Fixation • Nitrogen is essential to make __________ and ________________ • Nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere must be converted or ‘______’ to a useful form • Nitrogen fixing bacteria live freely in ______ or in the ___________________ • These bacteria ________ free nitrogen from air and convert it to ______ which can be used by plants to form amino acids and proteins

5. Nitrogen Fixation

6. Importance of Bacteria:2. Waste Management • Some bacteria can _________ or _________ some toxic compounds in environment that come from _____, ___________, _______, ____________, __________, ___________

7. Importance of Bacteria:3. Sewage Treatment • _________ of solid organic waste DAILY!! • Some bacteria decompose the waste and __________ dead matter • ____________ developed to improve efficiency of bacteria digesting wastes: aerobic waste treatment facilities break down sewage more rapidly because they rely on __________________

8. Importance of Bacteria:4. Dairy Foods • ___________________ provides resistance to intestinal ___________, stimulate the ________________ and help maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms in the digestive system • Now we _____________________ lactic acid bacteria!!

9. Importance of Bacteria:5. Bacteria & Disease • Only small percentage are _______________ (disease causing) • Pathogenic bacteria produce deadly substances called ________ in the human body that cause disease symptoms Example: toxins released by bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae may result in the symptoms of ___________ – cough, high fever, headache, delirium, chills, shortness of breath, etc.

10. Importance of Bacteria:5. Bacteria & Disease • 2 types of toxins: ______toxins & _____toxins • _________ are released when certain Gram-negative bacteria are split; are generally ____________ and cause fever, vomiting and diarrhea • __________ species: Salmonella and Echerichia

11. Importance of Bacteria:5. Bacteria & Disease • ___________ are released by living multiplying bacteria that travel through the host’s body • Exotoxins are ______________ and often ______ and do not produce a fever • Exotoxin species: Clostridium botulinum

12. In Coral Reefs.... • Marine bacteria are virtually _________ • Just as numerous in the water as on land • Bacteria are _______________, decomposers of organic material, and a primary source of protein for both those animals that directly graze on them and those that acquire them indirectly through secondary consumption (e.g – _______________________________).

13. Bacteria & Coral Reefs • Bacteria are a ________ food source for corals • All corals studied to date consume dissolved organic material, bacteria, and detrital material. • Bacteria not only provide carbon and nitrogen for the _______, but also provide an important source of ____________ for the zooxanthellae, in addition to other elements such as __________ and ______

14. Bacteria & Coral Reefs • Bacteria exist in very high _______ and biomass in the _______ environment, and especially on coral reefs and on coral surfaces. • They play critical roles in virtually all ____________________ that control reefs and are a major component of food webs. • _________ feed on bacteria at levels and efficiencies that rival all other bacterial consumers

15. Not all Bacterial are Good... • ______________ is characterized by coral tissue degradation that occurs in association with circular lesions on the Caribbean coral Acroporapalmata • It is caused by the bacterium Serratiamarcescens, a well-known species that is widespread in both terrestrial and aquatic environments as well as in mammalian and arthropod hosts

16. Not all Bacteria are Good.... • ___________________ is caused by a specific bacterial/coral interaction. • Specificity includes recognition by the _______ of host (coral) surface receptors; invasion of coral tissue; multiplication of bacteria in coral tissue; and release of bacterial toxins that cause _____________