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Evolution of the „development architecture“

Evolution of the „development architecture“. Gabriele Köhler Development economist, Munich Visiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex office@gabrielekoehler.net G.Koehler@ids.ac.uk www.gabrielekoehler.net Ludwig Maximilians University PhD-Program International Health Module I

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Evolution of the „development architecture“

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  1. Evolution of the „development architecture“ Gabriele Köhler Development economist, Munich Visiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex office@gabrielekoehler.net G.Koehler@ids.ac.uk www.gabrielekoehler.net Ludwig Maximilians University PhD-Program International Health Module I Munich, 12 December 2011

  2. Overview: • Human development and poverty • Evolution of the development cooperation architecture • The case for a bold vision: rights-based, universalist, transformative

  3. 1) Human development & poverty • Human development at aggregate level: slow but steady improvement

  4. Human Development Index, trends 1970-2010

  5. Working poverty

  6. Malnutrition

  7. Economic, fiscal, climate crises • at least 100 million more people hungry and undernourished • an estimated 64 million more people in income poverty • 205 million people unemployed • at least 55,000 more children likely to die each year from 2009 to 2015 • 175 million children affected by climate change

  8. Reducing child mortality – a moral and environmental imperative • Hans Rosling Tedtalk • http://www.gapminder.org/videos/reducing-child-mortality-a-moral-and-environmental-imperative/

  9. 2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase I: Colonial administration(1900s – 1950s) Predominant ideology: • Spreading „progress“ and „civilisation“ Driving forces: • Colonial regimes for economic gain • Colonial regimes for resources • Colonial regimes for power

  10. 2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase II: Independence movements & „development aid“ (1960-1980) • Predominant ideology: • Transfer capital and technology to the capital-deficient South – economistic approach to development • Keynesian economics • State led growth • Driving forces: • independence movements in the South • post-war recovery, affluence, guilt in the North – • Re- nascent globalisation

  11. 2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase III: structural adjustment(1980s – 1989/1990 and beyond) Predominant ideology: • Overstating role of marktes, downplaying the role of the state, intervening in developing country governments‘ policy space • Driving forces: • Economic and political strength of the developed countries • Interest in „South“ for markets, production – global value chains • Debt crisis in the South

  12. 2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase IV: Cooperation as “partnerships” (1990s – 2000) • Predominant ideology: • End of the „cold war“ : rebalancing of power • Seeming collapse of state-led development • Series of UN global summits - • Socialdevelopment theme • Driving forces: • greater economic dependence of the North on the South • Emerging South North trade and investment

  13. 2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase V: MDGs; Aid Effectiveness (2000 – 2008) • Predominant ideologies: • push for human development • focus on social development – different from economistic approaches of the 1960s • development onus on the South • the „bad governance“ discourse • Driving forces: economic & political polarisation • Stalled progress on human development; • Slow economic growth – or jobless growth; • Multiple social exclusions; • Accelerating domestic conflicts; • Climate change and accelerating frequency of disasters

  14. 2.) Evolution of development architecturePhase VI: Multi-polar development since 2008 Drivers • G-20, pushing „G-192“ aside • Emerging economies: BRIC(S) and BASIC with export success, outward investment, sovereign funds • New bilateral donors changing the donor landscape • Private foundations - more grants available Predominant ideologies • “Pluri-pragmatism” • One size fits all versus national ownership & policy space • Growth and human development • Overemphasis on evidence based policy-making versus grand design and visions of social justice

  15. The new geography of growth and poverty Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC

  16. The new geography of growth and poverty Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC

  17. Countries of the world estimated GDP in purchasing power parity, 2010 s

  18. G 20 countries: • Circa 90 per cent of global GNP • 80 per cent of world trade • Two-thirds of the world's population. ( Source: http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx Source: www.bbc.co.uk

  19. G20 Seoul development consensus action points • infrastructure, • private investment and job creation, • human resource development, • trade, • financial inclusion, • growth with resilience, • food security, • domestic resource mobilization, • knowledge sharing Principles: • highlight human rights • but reliance on economic growth

  20. Country level innovations: • Progressive, rights-based, universalistic policies • Rights to education, health, school meals, food, • Right to work – employment – decent work • Right to information • Right to social protection • Rediscovery of the role of the state

  21. Social protection policy environment Some South Asian policy responses Direct food transfers Social Assistance Job Creation Affirmative action Human rights Right to food/National Food Security Act (IND) Mid-day meal (IND) Right to education (all) Right to work (IND) Right to health services (all) Right to information (IND, BGD, NPL) Universal old age pension (NPL) Benazir Income Support Program (PAK) Child benefit (NPL) Unorganized sector health insurance (IND) • National Rural Employment • Guarantee (IND) • Employment Generation for hard core poor (BGD) • Karnali Employment Program (NPL) • Employment generation for rural unskilled workers (PAK) Secondary school stipend for girls (BGD) Education for all (NPL) Child grants for girls (IND) Rural development and community based interventions (IND) Cooked school meals (IND) Subsidized PDS (IND, NPL, BGD) Subsidized grain prices

  22. New economic realities – poverty and vulnerability in South and North • Losers of globalisation – the informal economy, the poor, migrants, the socially excluded, children, women, people with disabilities • Winners: high growth economies, successful private sector, emerging economies, private donors taking on the development agenda

  23. New colonialism • MICs – landgrab, collusion with corrupt governments – social and environmental sell-outs, ODA driven by security or commercial interests • G20 replacing “G192”, undermining the UN

  24. Converging North and South • MDG outcomes worst among socially excluded groups – in North and South • Income gap widening • Human development gap widening within countries

  25. 3. The case for a bold vision

  26. Development decades

  27. Development decades

  28. The case for a bold vision • Improve – enhance - transform - human development outcomes • Social justice – • Equitable inclusive human development

  29. clearer conceptual basis • more explicitly policy-oriented • bolder, more openly progressive policy stance Deepening the MDG agenda

  30. Beyond 2015: deepening the MDGs • human rights dimensions, human dignity, and choice • income and and wealth inequalities • social exclusion and poverty in multidimensional mode • applicable to all societies • all MDGs– food, employment, poverty, education, child & maternal health, HIV-Aids etc, gender equality, environment • violence and conflict • ecological destruction and climate change • subjective perceptions • political and personal security • “bottom up” participatory decision making • employment/decent work and asset access/social protection • policy focus+ : ”heterodox”; from the South • good governance • solidarity • universalism/social contracts • domestic resource mobilisation • Universality and inclusiveness • Building resilience and reducing vulnerability • Building national economies/subnational/national/global coherence

  31. The case for a bold vision: Next steps? • Normative umbrella of international development cooperation: Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Recapture UN’s lead role in advocating for universal human rights and social justice • Influence the discussions on “post 2015”

  32. The 99% movement

  33. References Jonnathan Glennie, 2011, The OECD should give up control of the aid agenda. Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/apr/29/oecd-control-aid-agenda. 28 April 2011 Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Thomas Weiss 2001, Ahead of the Curve? UN ideas and global challenges. Indiana University Press Joseph Hanlon, Armando Barrientos, David Hulme, 2010, Just give money to the poor. The development revolution from the global South. Kumarian Press Naila Kabeer, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund. 2010. www.ids.ac.uk Gabriele Köhler, Development interventions: A parade of paradigms. In: Gabriele Köhler, Charles Gore et al, Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions. Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996 Gabriele Köhler, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy. April 2009: pp. 24-29, Sage publications Robert Marten, Jan Martin Witte 2008, Transforming Development? The role of philanthropic foundations in international development cooperation. Global Public Policy Institute. GPPi Research Paper Series No. 10 (2008) www.gppi.net. Accessed 25 Nov 2010 Dane Rowlands 2008. Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance: A Synthesis Report. Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Carleton University. http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12447280141Synthesis_Report.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2010 Andy Sumner 2010. GLOBAL POVERTY AND THE NEW BOTTOM BILLION: WHAT IF THREE-Quarters of the poor live in MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES? WORKING PAPERIDS. www.ids.ac.uk

  34. References Gabriele Köhler, Development interventions: A parade of paradigms. In: Gabriele Köhler, Charles Gore et al, Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions. Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996 (for period up to 1995) (can be made available as a pdf) UN General Assembly, 2010, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65th session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs Jens Martens, 2011, Thinking ahead. Development Models and Indicators of Well-being Beyond the MDGs. Friedrich Ebert Foundation and Global Policy Forum Europe.www.fes-globalization. UNDP. Human Development Report 2010. www.undp.org UNRISD, Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics 2010. http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/BBA20D83E347DBAFC125778200440AA7?OpenDocument UN General Assembly, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65th session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs WHO, World Health Report 2008. Primary health care, now more than ever. www.who.int/whr/en http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/independenceday.htm, accessed 22 Nov 2010 www.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_map213_ver5.pd, accessed 22 Nov 2010 http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx, accessd 23 Nov 2010

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