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Nuclear Photonics Methods in EAS Cherenkov Arrays

Nuclear Photonics Methods in EAS Cherenkov Arrays. Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev Institute for Nuclear Research RAS Moscow Russia Kepler Centre for Astro and Particle Physics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen Germany. Photonics. Photon sources Photon detectors

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Nuclear Photonics Methods in EAS Cherenkov Arrays

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  1. Nuclear Photonics Methods in EAS Cherenkov Arrays Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev Institute for Nuclear Research RAS Moscow Russia Kepler Centre for Astro and Particle Physics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen Germany B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  2. Photonics • Photon sources • Photon detectors • Photon media: photon producing media; photon propogating media B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  3. 1950-60s ELECTRONICS ----- NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS1990-…… PHOTONICS ----- NUCLEAR PHOTONICS! (the term is coined by V.A.Matveev) Photon sources (light sources in calibration systems – lasers, LEDs, scintillators) Variety of DC or pulsed sources with : 0-10**16 photons per pulse with 1пс – 10 нс width covering very wide spectrum. Photon propagation and photon producing media (scintillators, light guides and optical fibres, photon radiators etc) abs, scatt Photon detectors: different types and sizes (1mm – 0,5 m) Electronics: preamps, amps, drivers, power supplies etc. B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  4. EAS Cherenkov Experiments are ideal case for nuclear photonics applications Photon detectors (PMTs, LS-HP) Photon emitters (Lasers, LEDs, LDs, ……..) Photon media (atmosphere, water, fibers, …….. ) B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  5. Photon detectors PMTs LS-HP/HPDs Hamamatsu, ET MELZ-FEU! B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  6. MELZ-FEU PMT mass production Currently max dimension – 5 in. but any order of 2k-3k large ( 8 in) PMTs is commercially attractive PMT and/or LS-HP(HPD) B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  7. Disadvantages of classical PMTs • Poor collection and effective quantum efficiencies • Poor time resolution? • prepulses • late pulses • afterpulses • sensitivity to terrestrial magnetic field • larger PMT size - larger dynode system (Dph/Dd1), practically impossible to provide 2 acceptance B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  8. B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  9. Hybrid phototube with luminescent screen (LS-HP) A.E.Chudakov 1959 - hybrid tube with luminescent screen Van Aller, Flyckt et al. 1981 - prototypes of «smart tube» Van Aller, Flyckt et al. 1981-1986 - XP2600 L.Bezrukov, B.Lubsandorzhiev et al. 1985-1986 - Quasar-300 and Quasar-350 tubes L.Bezrukov, B.Lubsandorzhiev et al. 1987 - Tests of XP2600 and Quasar -300 tubes in Lake Baikal L.Bezrukov, B.Lubsandorzhiev et al. 1990 - Quasar-370 tube. B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  10. Hybrid phototube with luminescent screen Why luminescent screen? Luminescent screen - thin layer of scintillator (monocrystal or phosphor) covered by aluminum foil Light amplifier + small conventional type PMT B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  11. A number of scintillators are available only as phosphors (ZnO:Ga, LS, etc). Sometimes it’s better to work with phosphors. X-HPD is just part of the whole photodetector (Light preamplifier) LS-HP instead of X-HPD? B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  12. XP2600 QUASAR-370 Transit time difference ~5ns. Transit tiem difference ~0.8ns! B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  13. QUASAR-370 single photoelectron response Photoelectron transit time spread (jitter) Multi pe charge spectrum B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  14. Quasar-370 like phototubes have excellent time and very good single electron resolutions • no prepulses • no late pulses in TTS • low level of afterpulses • ~100% effective collection effiency • 1 ns TTS (FWHM) • very good SER (competitive to HPD) • immunity to terrestrial magnetic field >2 sensitivity Quasar-370G (B.Lubsandorzhiev, O.Putilov et al.) developed for TUNKA experiment has YSO+BaF2 scintillator in the luminescent screen B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  15. QUASAR-370G QUASARs in Tunka Valley QUASARs in Campo Imperatore TUNKA-25 Cherenkov EAS detector QUEST detector in frame of EAS-TOP QUasars in Eas-Top B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  16. Successful operations of several astroparticle physics experiments (BAIKAL, TUNKA, SMECA, QUEST) prove the phototube’s high performances, high reliability and robustness. A number of modifications of the Quasar-370 tube have been developed with different scintillators in its luminescent screen YSO, YSO+BaF2, YAP, SBO, LSO, LPO etc. B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  17. G - the first stage amplification factor G = Y  k  (eff) Y - scintillator light yield k - colection efficiency of photons on small PMT’s cathode (eff) - effective quantum efficiency of small PMT Small PMT with higher (eff) will provide better parameters of Quasar-370! B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  18. R7081HQE (10 in) XP5301 (3 in) SBA, QE=34% + WLS!!! UBA, QE=46% (56%!) B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  19. R7801HQE Jitter - ~3 ns Jitter vs  B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  20. Quasar-370 Jitter vs  B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  21. Quasar-370 R7081 B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  22. R3600-06 0,5 m cathode Jitter - ~4,7 ns 8-9 kHz noise (>0.1 pe) 3 counts/cm2 (20C)!!! <1 counts/cm2 (0 C)!!! SER - poor B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  23. PMT to withstand high light background developed for TUNKA experiment 140 days exposure 8-10 years of exp. running Quasar-370G 100 nA cathode current Without change in sensitivity and scint light yield! B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  24. New parameter - effective photocathode occupancy E=Sph/Stotal !? B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  25. XP2600 Quasar-370 B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  26. G.Hallewell CPPM Marseille B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  27. Conventional large are hemispherical PMTs are good for detectors with restricted angular aperture. New HQE large area conventional PMTs are promising for EAS Cherenkov arrays. (+WLS!!!) But still large area hybrid phototubes (LS-HP) are very close to “ideal photodetector”for EAS wide angle Cherenkov arrays. B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  28. Ideal photodetector for EAS wide angle Cherenkov arrays High sensitive hemispherical (up to 0.5 m in diam.) photocathode High angular acceptance High photoelectron detection efficiency (High effective CE) High time resolution Fast time response B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  29. The quest for the ideal scintillator for Quasar-370 like tubes Requirements:  Hight light yield  Fast emission kinetics  vacuum compatibility  compatibility with phocathode manufacturing procedure: high temperature, aggressive chemical environment etc. B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  30. Scintillators must be: Inorganic scintillators Nonhygroscopic B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  31. Time resolution of hybrid phototubes and scintillator parameters W(t) ~ exp(-(G/)t) G - the first stage amplification factor G = np.e. / Np.e. G ~ Y(Ee) Y - scintillator light yield  - scintillator decay time B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  32. Figure of merits - F F1 = (Y/)a F2 = (Y/)ab Y - light yield,  - decay time, a - detectibility by small PMT or SiPM b - compatibility with photocathode manufacturing YSO YAP SBO LSO LS Bril350 Bril380 F1 1 1.3 1.3 1.8 4* 4.6 6.4 F2 1 1.3 1.3 1.8 4* 0? 0? * - using a photodetector with A3B5 photocathode B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  33. ZnO:Ga F1 = F2 = 250! Challenge:  the material should be extremelly pure  problems with monocrystal growth but phosphor will be O’K for luminescent screen B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  34. ~ 650 ps, light yield ~ 1500 /MeV B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  35. The first pilot sample of LS-HP with ZnO:Ga scintillator and GaN photocathode is currently under development! B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  36. Signal width is defined by readout pmt B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  37. Good opportunities for SiPM readout SiPM+scintillator unit – machine assemblage - cheapness B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  38. Hamamatsu J9758 phosphor, ~1ns, Y ~3 Y(YAP) Hamamatsu news 2006, pp18-19 B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  39. InGaN or GaN scintillators?! Expected to be very fast and very effective! B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  40. Light yield - 15000 photons/MeV Decay time - 0.4 ns! E.D.Bourret-Courchesne et al. NIMA W.Moses. NIMA (LBNL-50252) B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  41. Luminescent screen (new scintillators, not only crystals but phosphors too!) • HV compound (like foam p-urethane) • HV power supply • HV connectors (no connectors, HV fully integrated into phototubes optical preamplifier, only low DC voltage input!? (like Hamamatsu’s small PMT modules) • Photocathode • We need 21st century technology B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  42. InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes Ultra bright, High Power UV, Violet, Blue, Cyen B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  43. Powerful nanosecond light sources for calibration systems Single LED drivers Matrixes of LEDs High power (HP) LEDs Matrixes of HP LEDs Baikal, GERDA, TUNKA, EMMA, T2K, ………. B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  44. High power LED drivers ILED > 3 A UB and HP LEDs Avalanche transistors B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  45. GERDA experiment NXHL-NB98 t~ 5 ns (FWHM) 1011γ/pulse B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  46. InGaN/GaN LEDs I > (2-3)A t ~ (1-2) ns Royal blue – 455-460 nm D-A transitions For ILED > 1 A UV – 380 nm direct VC transitions B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  47. InGaN/GaN LEDs light emission kinetics under ns pulse high I (>2A) Slow Fast I-mediate Fast-Slow B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  48. NSPB500S; 1 - “old” 2- “new” KNGB; 1 - “old” 2- “new” GNL-3014BC B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  49. UV LEDs (370 nm) - Yellow band (DC activation) NSHU590 B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

  50. XR7090 t=3.5-4.0 ns (FWHM) max ~455 nm (380 nm) Y~1012 /pulse B.K.Lubsandorzhiev, MSU 16 May 2011

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