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COMPARING INVERTEBRATES

COMPARING INVERTEBRATES . Chapter 29 . Taxonomy. The system we use today to name and classify all organisms was developed by Carl Linnaeus . It is known as the system of binomial nomenclature because every organism has a two part name. Ex: Pantera leo Ex: Homo sapiens

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COMPARING INVERTEBRATES

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  1. COMPARING INVERTEBRATES Chapter 29

  2. Taxonomy • The system we use today to name and classify all organisms was developed by Carl Linnaeus. • It is known as the system of binomial nomenclature because every organism has a two part name. • Ex: Panteraleo • Ex: Homo sapiens • In addition, Linneaeus classified every organism into a hierarchy oftaxa, or levels of organization.

  3. King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxonomy--Classification

  4. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominid Homo sapiens Example Classification

  5. All life can be organized into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Taxonomy

  6. Single celled prokaryotes Aerobes/anaerobes Decomposers Pathogens some are photosynthetic Have no introns Includes viruses Bacteria

  7. Single celled Prokaryotes Extremophiles Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles Archaea

  8. All have nucleus and internal organelles Includes animal and plant cells Consists of 4 kingdoms KINGDOMS Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia EUKARYA

  9. Kingdom: Protista

  10. Kingdom: Fungi

  11. Multicellular Nonmotile Autotrophic (photosynthetic) Have cell walls Store sugars as starch Alternation of generations Some have vascular tissue Kingdom: Plantae

  12. Multicelluar Heterotrophic Eukaryotic No cell walls Most are motile Most reproduce sexually and are diploid Kingdom: Animalia

  13. Invertebrates No backbone Great size range Sea stars, worms, jellyfish, insects 95% of all animal species Vertebrates Backbone Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Two General Groups of Animals

  14. What Animals Do To Survive • Homeostasis: stable internal environment • Feedback inhibition: the product or result of a process stops or limits the process

  15. Evolutionary Trends A. Specialized Cells, Tissues, and Organs • As larger and more complex animals evolved, specialized cells joined together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions.

  16. Evolutionary Trends B. Body Symmetry • Radial symmetry – parts are arranged in a circle around a central point • Bilateral symmetry – parts are mirror images of each other (left and right sides) • Asymmetrical – no definite shape

  17. Asymmetrical—Porifera

  18. Whereas primitive animals exhibit radial symmetry, sophisticated animals exhibit bilateral symmetry. Evolutionary Trends

  19. Evolutionary Trends C. Cephalization • Along with bilateral symmetry came the development of cephalization, which is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the front (anterior part) of the body. • The digestive, excretory, and reproductive structures are located at the back (posterior) end. • Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment in more sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates.

  20. Evolutionary Trends—Cephalization

  21. Evolutionary Trends D. Segmentation • Many animals who exhibit bilateral symmetry also have segmented bodies. • Segments have often become specialized for specific functions. • Segmentation allows an animal to increase in size.

  22. Evolutionary Trends E. Coelom Formation • Germ layers formed early in embryonic development: • Ectoderm (outermost layer) • Mesoderm (middle layer) • Endoderm (innermost layer) • The coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue. • It represents a significant advance in animal evolution because it provides space for elaborate organ systems.

  23. Evolutionary Trends—Coelom Formation Types of body cavities: • Acoelomates do not have a coelom (body cavity) between their body wall and digestive cavity. • Pseudocoelomates have body cavities that are partially lined with mesoderm. • Most complex animal phyla are coelomates, meaning they have a true coelom that is lined completely with tissues from mesoderm.

  24. Acoelomate Tissue-filled region (from mesoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Digestive sac (from endoderm)

  25. Pseudocoelomate Body covering (from ectoderm) Muscle layer (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) Pseudocoelom

  26. Coelomate Body covering (from ectoderm) Coelom Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm)

  27. Coelomate

  28. `

  29. F. Embryological Development Blastopore: first opening during the embryonic stages of an organism Evolutionary Trends

  30. Evolutionary Trends F. Embryological Development • Protostome – blastopore becomes the mouth, and the anus forms secondarily • Deuterostome – blastopore becomes the anus, and the mouth forms secondarily

  31. Trends in Animal Development Chordates Echinoderms Arthropods Annelids Mollusks RadialSymmetry Roundworms Flatworms Pseudocoelom Deuterostome Development Cnidarians RadialSymmetry Coelom Protostome Development Sponges Three Germ Layers;Bilateral Symmetry Tissues Single-celled ancestor

  32. From the Primitive No symmetry or radial symmetry No cephalization 2 germ layers Acoelomate No true tissues Little specialization Sessile To the Complex Bilateral symmetry Cephalization with sensory apparatus 3 germ layers Pseudocoelomate or coelomate Tissues, organs, and organ systems Much specialization Motile Trends in Animal Development

  33. Form and Function in Invertebrates Ch. 29-2

  34. Feeding and Digestion • The simplest animals break down food primarily through intracellular digestion, but more complex animals use extracellular digestion. • In intracellualar digestion food is digested inside the cells. • The food size must then be smaller than the cells. • In extracelluar digestion, food is broken down outside the cells. • The food size is larger than the cells of the organism.

  35. Patterns of Extracelluar Digestion • Some animals such as cnidarians and most flatworms ingest food and expel wastes through a single opening. • Some cells of the gastrovascular cavity secrete enzymes and absorb digested food. • Other cells surround food particles and digest them in vacuoles. • More complex animals digest food in a tube called the digestive tract, which may have specialized regions such as stomach and intestines.

  36. Intestine Gizzard Crop Mouth/anus Pharynx Mouth Gastrovascularcavity Annelid Anus Gastrovascularcavity Cnidarian Arthropod Crop Pharynx Anus Pharynx Mouth Rectum Mouth/anus Stomachanddigestive glands Flatworm

  37. Respiration: Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 Two key features of all respiratory systems: • Respiratory organs have large surface areas that are in contact with air or water • Have ways to keep the gas exchange surfaces moist to allow diffusion to occur

  38. Respiration Trachealtubes Gill Siphons Movement of water Spiracles Insect Mollusk Airflow Booklung Spider

  39. Circulation • In an open circulatory system, blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels.

  40. Circulation • In a closed circulatory system, a heart or a heart-like organ forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body. • The blood stays within these blood vessels. • Materials reach body tissues by diffusing across the walls of the blood vessels. • Blood circulates more efficiently in a closed circulatory system.

  41. Heartlike structure Hearts Small vessels in tissues Heart Bloodvessels Sinusesand organs Bloodvessels Heartlikestructures Insect:Open Circulatory System Annelid:Closed Circulatory System

  42. Excretion • The excretory system is responsible for removing waste material and conserving water. • Waste product is usually nitrogenous, meaning it contains nitrogen. • This waste is usually in the form of ammonia (NH3), which is very toxic!

  43. Excretion • In aquatic invertebrates, ammonia diffuses from their body tissues into the surrounding water • Terrestrial invertebrates convert: ammonia  urea (less toxic) • Some insects and arachnids convert: Ammonia  uric acid

  44. Excretion Flamecells Flatworm Excretorytubules Nephrostome Excretory pore Flame cell Excretory tubule Nephridia Digestive tract Annelid Malpighian tubules Arthropod

  45. Response—Nervous System • The nervous system gathers information from the environment. • The simplest nervous system, found in cnidarians, are nerve nets.

  46. Trends in the Evolution of the Nervous System • Centralization—nerve cells are more concentrated (ex: ganglia) • Cephalization—high concentration of nerve cells in the anterior region (head/front) • Specialization—more developed sensory organs • To detect light, sound, chemicals, movement, etc.

  47. Arthropod Brain Ganglia Ganglia Brain Nerve Cells Flatworm Cnidarian Mollusk

  48. Most animals use specialized tissues called muscles to move, breathe, pump blood, and perform other life functions. In most animals, muscles work together with some sort of skeletal system that provides firm support. Three main kinds: Hydrostatic skeletons Exoskeletons Endoskeletons Movement & Support

  49. Movement & Support • Hydrostatic skeleton • No hard structures • Lacks muscles • Water filled cavity (gastrovascular cavity) • Exoskeleton or external skeleton • Outside the body • Hard body covering made of chitin • Has to be shed (molting) • Endoskeleton • Structural support inside the body • Muscles

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