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DEOXYRIBONUCELIC ACID- DNA NUCELOTIDE

DEOXYRIBONUCELIC ACID- DNA NUCELOTIDE. PHOSPHATE GROUP. NITROGEN BASE. DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR. Phosphate-sugar backbone 4 Bases- A, T, C, G Base Pairing rule- A—T G—C Two strands Twisted ladder Held together with HYDROGEN BONDS. Genetic code. Order of bases in DNA determines genetic code

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DEOXYRIBONUCELIC ACID- DNA NUCELOTIDE

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  1. DEOXYRIBONUCELIC ACID- DNA NUCELOTIDE PHOSPHATE GROUP NITROGEN BASE DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR

  2. Phosphate-sugar backbone 4 Bases- A, T, C, G Base Pairing rule- A—T G—C Two strands Twisted ladder Held together with HYDROGEN BONDS

  3. Genetic code Order of bases in DNA determines genetic code Genes are thousands of bases long Hydrogen bonds between bases allow them to be “unzipped” easily. DNA replication COPIES DNA

  4. DNA replication DNA must make exact copies of itself before the cell can divide. DNA unzips. Enzymes attach new nucleotides to complement the existing strands SEMI-CONSERVATIVE

  5. DNA Unzips DNA polymerase binds new nucleotides to the old ones. *nucelotides are available in the nucleus* Each new strand is half new, half old (semiconservative) Using your foldable, replicate your DNA

  6. YOU TRY A  T  G  C  T  A  G  G  C  T  T  

  7. RNA- our new friend When it is time for a cell to make a PROTEIN from the DNA RNA copy must be made because DNA can’t leave the nucleus This is called TRANSCRIPTION RNA IS A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM DNA RNA HAS NO THYMINE, BUT INSTEAD HAS URACIL A—U G—C

  8. N- BASES RIBONUCLEIC ACID- RNA PHOSPHATE GROUP NEW BASE- URACIL (U) A—U C—G RIBOSE SUGAR

  9. TRANSCRIPTION Making an RNA copy of the DNA code. DNA unzips Enzymes match RNA nucleotides that complement only one DNA template strand. RNA nucleotides are joined together into a single stranded molecule. RNA strand leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome. ***NUCLEOTIDES ARE AVAILABLE IN THE NUCLEUS*

  10. Transcription- begins at promoter region, stops at terminator region

  11. You transcribe TAC CTA GCT AGC TCG

  12. Translation- protein from genetic code Messenger RNA -- mRNA– leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome. Ribosome attaches to mRNA. (transfer RNA) tRNA matches up with the mRNA code and carries the correct amino acid Enzymes bond the amino acids together into a polypeptide

  13. Translation- tRNA matches up correct amino acid to mRNA code

  14. Codons and triplet code mRNA is read is groups of 3- triplet code Each triplet code= one codon. Each codon = one amino acid. If we know the code, we can know what amino acid tRNA will bring. AUG GAU CGA UCG AGC UCG AUC GAU UGA

  15. Coding and non-coding DNA Even in a gene, there are “extra” bases. “extra” non-coding areas are called INTRONS When DNA is transcribed, the introns don’t get copied. Exons= coding regions only

  16. Mutations!! FRAME SHIFT- Insertion- an extra base is inserted Deletion- a base is left out Inversion- two bases are swapped around Substitution- a base is swapped out for a different one. Grab your translation worksheet and let’s see what happens!

  17. DNA Serves as cell’s instruction manual. Tells the cell what protein to make, when and how many. Can be used for identification. Who my baby daddy? Who done it?

  18. Today on Maury

  19. And on CSI DNA collected from crime scenes can be compared against known samples or samples from accused Must be handled VERY carefully to avoid contamination. Amanda Knox DNA issues. Conclusive about who it belongs to, not always conclusive about when/where/why/how.

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