Historical Development of Physical Education Curriculum

1. Historical Development of Physical Education Curriculum KIN 125

2. www.starkcenter.org

3. Bernarr MacfaddenAugust 16, 1868-October 12, 1955 • http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden6.html • http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden4.html

4. Study of History • Influence of individuals • Innovations • Institutions • Impact of Social Forces

5. Social Forces • Religious Influences • Immigration • Philanthropy • Urbanization • Industrialization • Educational Movements • Technological Developments

6. Religious InfluencesColonial America • Puritans: New England Colonies • Anglican: Middle Colonies

7. Immigration • German Turners • Settled in Midwest America during the 1840s • Introduction of German gymnastics in school systems

8. Philanthropy • Mary Hemenway in Boston • Introduction of Swedish System

9. Urbanization • Health Problems associated with demographic changes • Increase demand for recreation • Promotion of sport for entertainment • Need for social health concerns

10. Industrialization • Modifications in labor conditions • Consumerism

11. Educational Movements • Development of European models in America • Harvard and Yale modeled after Oxford and Cambridge • Round Hill School: Northampton, Mass.

12. Technological Developments • Mass Media • Developments in transportation and communication • Mass production of consumer goods

13. The Beginning of Physical Education Johann Bernhard Basedow 1723-1790 ∗First to recognize the importance of exercise ∗Required a specific uniform for his students to allow unrestricted movement ∗Offered a camp for 2 months during the summer for the children

14. Curriculum Development: 19th Century • Beck, Follen, and Lieber • German Gymnastics • Friedrich Ludwig Jahn: Father of Gymnastics • 1848 Friedrich Hecker in Cincinnati • Large Muscle development

15. A Teacher Is Born Charles Beck 1798-1866 ⋆Friend and follower of Jahn ⋆Was hired to teach Latin and Physical Education in the form of German gymnastics ⋆Became the first official Physical Education teacher in America

17. From  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsFrom  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsGymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuths

18. Turnplatz

20. Swedish Gymnastics • Father of Swedish gymnastics: Per Henrik Ling • Introduced in Boston through philanthropic efforts of Mary Hemenway • Baron Nils Posse Training Institute • Alternative to German gymnastics • Light gymnastics with therapeutic emphasis

21. Per Henrik Ling Father of Swedish gymnastics

22. Lewis System • Dio Lewis, M.D. • Medical gymnastics (new gymnastics) • First physical education teacher training institute: 1861 in Boston

23. Promoting Physical Education Diocletian (Dio) Lewis 1823-1866 ♣ Did more to promote physical education than any other single individual ♣ Wanted the feeble, old, fat, frail and women to have a system they could use ♣ Opened the Normal Institute of Physical Education in Boston ♣ Invented bean bags and wooden dumbells ♣ Also used music to enhance his exercises For More Information go to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis

24. Beecher System • Catherine Beecher of famous Beecher family • Developed calisthenics for females • Two female schools: Cincinnati and Hartford • Called for the importance of physical activity for females

25. Hitchcock System • Edward Hitchcock, M.D.: hired as the first physical educator to have professorial rank, in 1861. He had the status of Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College • Development of anthropometrics • Group calisthenics accompanied to music

26. Sargent System • Dudley Sargent, M.D., hired in 1879 as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Director of Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University • Anthropometrics • Individual Exercise program • Over 90 patents for exercise machines

27. The Exercise Machine Dudley Allen Sargent 1840-1924 ☺ Invented over 80 machines, using pulleys & weights ☺ Contributed to anthropometric measurements - He took these measurements and compared them with standards at a given age, whereupon a series of prescribed exercises was given to meet the demands of each particular case

29. Growth of Intercollegiate Sport • Began as class rivalries in the 1820’s • Developed into club teams in the 1840’s • First Intercollegiate contest in 1852: rowing match between Harvard and Yale • First Intercollegiate football contest occurred in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton

30. Intercollegiate Growth (cont.) • International collegiate match in 1869 between Harvard and Oxford on the Thames River • Football is modified in 1874 • By 1880’s attendance of over 40,000 spectators during national championship • President Roosevelt convenes White House meeting in 1905

31. Interschool Athletics • Popularization of school sports in the early 1900’s • Organization of state associations in the 1920’s

32. Recreation • Urban recreation programs as early as 1827 Boston opens the first municipal recreation center • 1820’s boating clubs in Boston • 1842 New York Knickerbockers • 1845 Alexander Joy Cartwright codifies baseball rules • Amateur baseball clubs throughout the north east

33. 20th Century • In 1910 Clark Hetherington introduces the “new physical education” (see pp.40-41; 231-232) • Broadens the view that neuromuscular activities in the form of play leads to character development • The view that physical education activities contribute to the goals of education

34. 20th cent. Cont. • Philosophical view of Education Through the Physical. Espoused that physical education contributed to social and moral development. • Jesse Feiring Williams • Jay Nash • Thomas Wood • Luther Gulick: YMCA triangle

35. Two Philosophical Views • Education of the Physical: the importance of training the physical as a goal in and of itself. • Education through the Physical: utilization of sports and games to develop behavioral goals such as social and moral development.