Chapter 4 part 1 The Growth of America

1. Chapter 4 part 1The Growth of America • What major trends do we see in the British colonies from 1660-1750? • Increasingly centralized power • Later, more relaxed control over colonies • Stronger bonds between Britain and colonies • Massive population growth in colonies

2. What did America look like in the 17th Century?

3. What did America look like in the 18th Century?

4. England and its colonies: Centralized power • After 1660 – England attempts to bring colonies under more direct control – why? • Age of absolutism, democracy “dangerous” (Charles II and James II) • What is the response in New England? • Defiance – ignored Nav. Acts, etc. • Punishment: NE lumped into one big mega-colony (Dominion of New England – gov. is Sir Edmund Andros) • under direct royal supervision • NE is ANGRY!

5. Glorious Revolution • William & Mary (Dutch, Protestant) take throne – bloodless coup • Effects in England: • Limited monarchy • English Bill of Rights of 1689 • Effects on rest of Europe: • Series of wars – England vs. Catholic France, Spain

6. Glorious Revolution • Impact in NE: • Rebellion – Andros ousted • William & Mary break up Dominion of NE into former colonies • Mass. Kept under royal control • Puritans lose influence – voting rules change • Impact in Maryland: • Protestant majority happy • Wants to be made a royal colony (granted) • Anglican church becomes official religion of MD

7. Glorious Revolution • What are the long-term effects on the colonies? • Restored rep. gov’t • Religious freedom for Protestants • Colonial elites regain traditional power • British empire based on voluntary allegiance, not force • Colonists feel more “British”

8. Imperial Wars • King William’s War (1690-97) – England vs. France (and both sides’ Indian allies) • Queen Anne’s War (1702-13) England vs. Spain • Effects: • Failed invasion of French Canada and Spanish Florida • Series of border raids (civilians targeted) • Iroquois nation takes major losses, splits into Pro-French and Pro-British factions • Reinforced bonds between Britain and colonies

9. Navigation Acts • Terms: • 1. trade only on British ships, • 2. crew at least ¾ British (colonies considered Brit.) • 3. trade with foreign nations ONLY if goods pass thru British ports first • 4. certain key products can only be traded to England

10. Navigation Acts • Effects: • Made England biggest shipping empire • Gave some colonial planters monopolies, got wealthy • Ports cities urbanized rapidly • Econ. in North more diversified, commercial • Low-cost good from Britain to colonies – colonists live like real Britons • Strengthened ties economically

11. Slave Trade • Where did most slaves come from? • West Africa • Where did they go to? • At first Caribbean, Brazil, West Indies • later southern colonies • Conditions on slave ships?

14. Populations in British colonies • 18th century – fewer immigrants • Why? • Employment, wages rise in England • Immigrants coming from new places • From where, and why? • Scotland, Ireland, Germany (econ. downturns) • Africa (slave pop.)

15. Populating the British colonies in 18th Century • Where did new immigrants settle in 18th C.? • Many entered thru Philly, settled nearby in PA • Upper NY • Western MD • Many entered via Charleston • Carolina Piedmont • Appalachia • Why not tidewater of VA or low country of Carolina? • No land available (planters)

16. Everyday Life for Colonists • Limited social mobility • Most wealth inherited • Multiple kids = split inheritances • Much $$$ spent on mortgages, equipment • Farmers: supplemented incomes with other jobs (carpentry, making fences, turpentine, etc.) • Women- worked in house doing vital chores

17. Social Stratification in Colonies • Wealth concentrated in few hands • NY – top 10% owned 45% of wealth • Urban problems: • High pop. density • Disease/sanitation • Death rate higher • age expectancy 10 yrs lower • Cyclical unemployment • poverty

18. Colonial Elites • Most elite families rich before arriving in colonies • Got wealthier thru farming, shipping, importing, etc. • Enjoyed goods/luxuries from England (clothing esp.) • Wives as hostesses • Only the most wealthy had large homes • Homes of “slightly” rich not much bigger than average

19. Populations in North America • All colonial populations expanded in 18th century • Spanish colonies: 4,500 to 19,000 • French colonies: 15,000 to 60,000 • British colonies: from ¼ million to 1.17 million • British colonies grow faster than England itself in 18th century • Many French Protestants (Huguenots) end up in Brit colonies

20. North American Population, 1750

21. Growth & Diversity in British America • By 1770, the English colonies became much more different from New Spain & New France: • Population boomed 1,000% due to increased birth rates, falling death rates, & a huge wave of non-English immigration • Surging economic growth • New political & religious ideas

22. Distribution of European & African Immigrants in British North America by 1770

23. 18th Century Immigrants • 1790 census showed less than 50% of American colonists were English; 18th Century immigration brought unprecedented diversity: • African slaves were largest group to immigrate • The Transportation Act (1718) allowed English judges to send convicted felons to the colonies (50,000 forcibly immigrated)

25. Settled areas in Colonies 1680 1755

26. Colonial Population Density, 1775

27. Native Americans • By the 18th Century, the Indians in contact with European colonists became dependent upon them: • For manufactured clothes, guns, & trade • The French had the best relationship with Indians • The Spanish horse altered the culture of the Plains Indians

28. French and Spanish colonies • New France growth: • Reproduction, not immigration • Louisiana: • Poor, criminals, • German refugees • Planters and slaves

29. Colonial Economies and Soc.- Slavery’s Wages • 1) Describe the life of a slave in Colonial America. • 2) How were the Task System and Gang System of slavery different? • 3) What did Colonies do legally to hold slaves down? • 4) Describe the Stono Rebellion.