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The Early Years of America Part 1

The Early Years of America Part 1. SOL VUS.6. Washington as 1st President. Washington became president in New York – 1st Capitol. capitol moved to Washington D.C. in 1800. Washington set many precedents as President: 1. He addressed Congress formally each year – State of the Union Address.

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The Early Years of America Part 1

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  1. The Early Years of America Part 1 SOL VUS.6

  2. Washington as 1st President • Washington became president in New York – 1st Capitol. • capitol moved to Washington D.C. in 1800.

  3. Washington set many precedents as President: • 1. He addressed Congress formally each year – State of the Union Address.

  4. 2. He appointed a cabinet to head departments of government and to advise him, • Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of War – Henry Knox • (John Adams – Vice President)

  5. John Adams – Vice President

  6. Thomas Jefferson – First Secretary of State

  7. Alexander Hamilton – First Secretary of Treasury

  8. Henry Knox – First Secretary of War

  9. 3. He held state dinners and ceremonies. • 4. He resigned after 2 terms. • In his farewell address, Washington warned America about becoming involved in foreign affairs and alliances.

  10. Northwest Ordinance 1787 • Dealt with how states in Northwest would become states. • As soon as a territory had 60,000 inhabitants it could apply for statehood. • Slavery was forbidden in the Northwest Territory. • Set standard for how territories became states and encouraged westward expansion.

  11. Jefferson vs. Hamilton • After George Washington’s presidency ended in 1796, the first political parties emerged: • The Federalist – led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, believed in a strong national government and an industrial economy. • Were supported by bankers and business interest in Northeast.

  12. The Democratic Republicans – led by Thomas Jefferson, believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. • Were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South. • This difference in political opinions between Hamilton’s Federalists and Jefferson’s Democratic Republicans led to the formation of the first political parties.

  13. Events of John Adams’ Presidency • Alien & Sedition Acts • Alien Act – President could imprison or deport citizens of other countries living in the US. • Effort to protect US from spies. • Sedition Act – Anyone who wrote anything “of false, scandalous, or malicious nature” against the government could be fined or imprisoned. • Effort to protect our new government from criticism.

  14. John Adams

  15. The Alien and Sedition Acts led to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolution. • Said federal government was created to serve states and states could declare laws of the federal government null and void.

  16. XYZ Affair • US and France were at odds over shipping and trade. • Adams sent a delegation to France who negotiated with 3 French agents (known only as X,Y, and Z) • French demanded a bribe of $250,000 and $10 million in loans to even negotiate. • Talks broke down and US no longer had an ally in France.

  17. Election of 1800 • Jefferson (Democratic Republican) defeated Aaron Burr (also Democratic Republican) and John Adams (Federalist). • Decided by the House of Representatives after 36 votes. • Alexander Hamilton disliked Jefferson politically, but disliked Burr personally and convinced members to vote for Jefferson who won. • Burr later killed Hamilton in a duel.

  18. The Election of 1800, won by Jefferson, was the first presidential election in which power was transferred peacefully from one party to the next.

  19. Supreme Court in Early Years • Key decisions by the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia, established the power of the Federal Courts. • The two most famous cases were: • 1. Marbury v. Madison • 2. Muculloch v. Maryland

  20. John MarshallSupreme CourtChief Justice.

  21. Marbury v. Madison (The Midnight Judges) • Before Adams left office he appointed several Federalists to judgeships, but failed to deliver the appointments. • When Jefferson became President, he did not deliver them either. • Led to the famous court case Marbury v. Madison. • Court decided that the judges had been wronged, but the President (Adams) had abused his powers.

  22. Marbury v. Madison established Judicial Review. • Judicial review is the power of the court to declare laws and actions of the government and declare them unconstitutional. • Now the Supreme Court was established as a major branch of government.

  23. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Maryland tried to tax the Baltimore branch of The Bank of the U.S. • Purpose of the Bank of US: 1. control currency 2. borrow money and pay off debts 3. collect taxes • Bank was lawful under the Necessary and Proper Clause in Constitution.

  24. The Supreme Court said states could NOT tax agencies of the Federal government. • Said, “The power to tax, is the power to destroy.” • Court established that the national government was superior to state governments and decisions of the national government were superior to decisions of state governments.

  25. Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson as President in 1803 purchased the huge Louisiana Territory from France. • Land from Mississippi River to Rockies • Doubled the size of the US overnight.

  26. Louisiana Purchase Map

  27. Jefferson authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore and map the new territories that lay west of the Mississippi River. • Merewether Lewis and William Clark • Sacajawea, an Indian, served as their guide and translator. • They were looking for the Northwest Passage (all water route to the Pacific Ocean) • Began to open the west to settlement.

  28. War of 1812 • James Madison was President • We declared war on England for supporting Indians in the west and raiding our trade ships. • “Second War for Independence” • British invaded Washington D.C. and burned the capital. • The U.S. stopped the British at Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor.

  29. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner. • In New Orleans, Andrew Jackson finally defeated the British for good and sent them back to England. • American victory over the British in the War of 1812 produced an American claim to the Oregon Territory. • Migration of Americans to Florida increased and Florida was later acquired by a treaty from Spain

  30. War of 1812 map

  31. Acquisition of Florida • Seminole Indians in Florida were attacking US. • Andrew Jackson led a militia to Florida to attack Seminoles. • Spain was upset, but President James Monroe told Spain to keep order in Florida or give Florida to us. • To avoid a war, Spain gave Florida to US. • Adams-Onis Treaty

  32. Monroe Doctrine - 1823 • In response to numerous threats from European countries John Quincy Adams (President Monroe’s Secretary of State) wrote the Monroe Doctrine. • It stated: • 1. The American continents should not be considered for future colonization by European powers. • 2. Nations in the Western Hemisphere were different from Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies.

  33. 3. The US would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by the European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere. • 4. The US would not interfere with European affairs. • The weakness of the Monroe Doctrine was that the US did not really have the army to defend it and would not until 1900.

  34. Westward Expansion • Americans settlers moved westward to the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas, seeking economic opportunity. • In the form of land to own and farm. • The growth of railways and canals helped the growth of an industrial economy and supported westward movement by settlers. • Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin led to the spread of the slave-based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South. – cotton became the main crop of the South.

  35. Texas added as a State • American migration into Texas (owned by Mexico) led to an armed revolt against Mexican rule. • “Texans” began to want independence and declared their independence from Mexico. • Known as the Texas War for Independence. • Mexico, led by Santa Anna, attacked the Texans and won the early battles • At the Battle of the Alamo, a band of Texans fought to the last man against a vastly superior Mexican force.

  36. With the help of the US Army, Texans eventually defeated the Mexicans. • Texas was added as a slave state and gave the South the majority in Congress.

  37. Mexican War • America fought Mexico again in 1846 over border disputes and the annexation of Texas. • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848– gave the US land in California and recognized the Rio Grande as the Mexican-US border.

  38. The US gained territory that included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico. • Gadsden Purchase – 1848 US bought the tiny area in southern New Mexico and Arizona

  39. Manifest Destiny • The belief that it was America’s “Manifest Destiny” to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific provided political support for territorial expansion. • Many believed it to God’s will. • Wars fought and land bought to spread manifest destiny. • Under President James K. Polk the US grew by leaps and bounds as Manifest Destiny came into being.

  40. Indians and Westward Expansion • The idea of Manifest Destiny became the political policy and settlement of new territories began. • Land was given away in Oklahoma and other midwestern territories – Sooners. • During this period of westward migration, American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts and forcibly removed from ancestral homelands. • They were forced to march far away from their homes and confined to reservations.

  41. Trail of Tears – during Andrew Jackson’s presidency. • Several tribes were relocated from the Atlantic Coast to Oklahoma. • 15,000 Cherokee Indians forced to move from Georgia/Florida to Oklahoma Territory. • Georgia land was needed for cotton • Called the trail of tears because 1 out of ever 4 Indians died.

  42. The Early Years of America Part II: SOL VUS.6

  43. Government OF the People • Andrew Jackson was a president of the common man. • Before Jackson became president, the US was run by an aristocracy. • Aristocracy – a government in which power is given to the upper class.

  44. People who had not previously participated in the electoral process began to participate. • As a Senator, Jackson fought for property owning requirements for voting were to be done away with and more middle class, non-aristocrats voted. • Election of 1828, Jackson won because he was supported by the middle class.

  45. Spoils System • When Jackson became President in 1828, he rewarded his supporters by giving the top governmental jobs. • Critics of Jackson believed this was unfair and called it the “spoils system.” • Critics said the people who got the government jobs were not qualified and Jackson had bribed his way to the Presidency.

  46. Economic Divisions Between North and South • US government passed “The Tariff of Abominations” • The South believed the tariff was too high. • South Carolina led by John C. Calhoun said they could declare the tariff null because of the VA. and KY. Resolution. • In 1832, unable to get relief from the tariff, S.C. threatened to secede from the US.

  47. President Jackson threatened to send troops to SC to enforce the law and SC backed down. • Jackson did give relief to SC and lowered the tariff. • However, the split between the South and North had grown.

  48. Jackson and the Bank of the U.S. • One of Jackson’s goals as President was to end the Bank of the US. • Jackson believe the national bank was holding too much money, and thus kept poor people too poor and the rich too rich. • The Bank was up for re-chartering in 1832. • If Jackson won the election of 1832, the Bank would not be re-chartered.

  49. Jackson won. • Jackson did not re-charter the Bank and removed all government money and deposited it into state banks. • The collapse of the Bank caused an economic panic in 1837 as state banks passed out many bad loans.

  50. Divisions over Slavery and States Rights • As the US expanded westward, the divisions over slavery almost tore the country apart. Abolitionist movement • Movement to end slavery – popular in North. • William Lloyd Garrison – publisher of The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper that helped lead abolitionists. • Helped bring many white, middle class people into abolitionist movement. • Garrison and religious leaders saw slavery as a violation of Christian principles.

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