Calculating the "Green" of Going Green

1. Calculating the "Green" of Going Green Dr. Brad Christensen Berea College

2. Purpose of this presentation To present mathematics as a tool Not to discourage or debate the value of “Green” technology

3. Usually Calculations involve Payback • Cost per unit using traditional means • Cost per unit using “green” technology • How long before the savings equal the difference in purchase price

4. Southwest Windpower900 Watt Whisper 100 Wind Generator Use wind to generate power and run your appliances and electronics. Perfect solution for cottages, 12 volt battery charging, back up power, remote power, and more. Unit has a cast aluminum frame and double sealed ball bearings. Maintenance Free only three moving parts. Max power up to 900 Watts or 60 Amps in ideal conditions. Made in USA Cast aluminum frame Double sealed ball Bearings Easy Installation Maintenance Free - Only 3 moving parts Carbon Fiber Composite Blades Ensure Low Wind Noise! Max Power up to 900 Watts or 60 Amps in Ideal Conditions Eco Options : Eco Options MFG Brand Name : Southwest Windpower MFG Model # : Whisper100 MFG Part # : 44447 $2,495.00/EA-Each Accessory/Part Type : Wind Generator Amperage : 40 A Assembled Depth (In Inches) : 51 in Assembled Height (In Inches) : 20 in Assembled Weight (In LBS) : 74 lb Assembled Width (In Inches) : 13 in Wattage : 900 W www.homedepot.com

5. Payback at max output

7. Reality • 100 kWh per month with average 12 mph wind • 100 kWh x .o844 = $8.44 month • $2495 / $8.44 = 295.6 months • 295.6 / 12 = 24.6 years

8. Whisper 500 Wind Generator • 3000 watts max output at 24 mph wind • 3 kw x 24 hrs = 72 kWh per day x .0844 = $6.07/ day • $9499.99 / 6.07 = 1565 days / 365 = 4.28 years • 500 kWh per month at 12 mph average wind speed • 500 x .0844 = $42.20 month • $9499.99 / 42.2 = 225 months • 225 / 12 = 18.75 years • 30,000 watt turbine on Ebay for $50,000 • 10 times more power, 5 times more money

9. Average Wind in Charlotte- 7.4 mphhttp://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/avgwind.html http://www.windenergy.com/products/whisper_500.htm

10. Sharp® 175 Watt Multi Purpose Solar Panel with Sharp® Module $997.97/EA-Each

11. Solar Panel Payback

12. Sunshine http://www.freesunpower.com/radiation.php

13. Reality of Photo-voltaic • Charlotte at 5 hrs of sunshine per day • 175 watts / 1000 = .175 kw x 5 hrs. x .0844 = .o7 day • $997 / .07 = 14, 242 days / 365 = 39 years

14. Why do we do it? • Save the planet • Reduce dependence on foreign oil • Feel that it is the right thing to do • Tax breaks • Tax Credit • Usually means you can subtract $______from the taxes you pay • Tax Deduction • Usually means you can reduce the amount of income you are taxed on by $________ • Subsidies • Government aid for production

15. North Carolinahttp://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NC20F&re=1&ee=1 Incentive Type: Personal Tax Credit Eligible Renewable/Other Technologies: Passive Solar Space Heat, Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Solar Thermal Electric, Solar Thermal Process Heat, Photovoltaics, Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, Hydroelectric, Geothermal Heat Pumps, Spent pulping liquor, Solar Pool Heating, Daylighting, Anaerobic Digestion, Ethanol, Methanol, Biodiesel Applicable Sectors: Commercial, Residential, Multi-Family Residential Amount: 35% Maximum Incentive: $1,400 - $10,500 (varies by technology); $2.5 million for commercial applications

16. Tax Credit for wind generators in NC “A maximum of $10,500 per installation for photovoltaic systems (also known as PV systems or solar-electric systems), wind-energy systems or certain other renewable-energy systems for residential use; “  Spend $10,000 on a Whisper 500 Wind Turbine Get $3500 off your State income taxes NC residents pay $0.11139 first 750 kWh used Wind generator cost $6500, produces about 100 kWh per month or $11.14, payback in 48 years

17. 2009 Toyota Camry Style: 4dr Sedan (2.4L 4cyl 5M) $18,186 Miles Per Gallon (city/highway) 22/32

18. 2009 Toyota Camry Hybrid Style: 4dr Sedan (2.4L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT) $24,213 Miles Per Gallon (city/highway) 32/34

19. Break even point

20. Calculations

21. 2010 Ford Fusion S Sedan $19,270 Fuel Economy: 22 MPG city / 31 MPG highway

22. 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid Sedan $27,270 Fuel Economy: 41 MPG city / 36 MPG highway

23. Break even point

24. 2010 Toyota Highlander $29,200

25. 2010 Toyota Highlander Hybrid Style: 4dr SUV AWD (3.3L 6cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT ) $34,900

26. Break even point

27. Notes on electricity • 1 horsepower = 746 watts 1 Kw = 1.3 hp • 1 gallon of gasoline is about 10 kWh • 10 kWh x .0844 = $.84 per gallon • Energy Density- energy in a pound • Gasoline 5.75 kWh per pound • Batteries 1 kWh per 15 pounds • Gasoline engines • 25% to 33% efficient • Electric motors • 90% to 95% efficient

28. Nissan Electrichttp://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/under-the-hood-with-nissans-electric-car-5991/ • $20,000 to $33,000- so lets say……$28,500 • Possible $7,500 tax credit for the first 200,000 buyers • $0.90 to recharge at $0.14 kWh • $.070 for NC residents • 15,000 miles- $600 $0.04 per mile • 15,000 for $466 in NC or $0.031 per mile

29. Tesla Roadster • 55 kWh for full charge • 244 mile range • 55 x .0844 = $4.64 • $4.64 / 244 = $0.019 per mile • $100,000

30. Dodge Viper • $91,000 • Viper 0-60 in 4 seconds Tesla 0-60 in 3.9 seconds • 22 mpg at $2.50 $0.11 per mile • Tesla $0.019 per mile

31. Will we do it by choice? • Cars of the 1950s • 13 grams per mile hydrocarbons • 3.6 grams per mile nitrogen oxides • 87 grams per mile carbon monoxide • Clean Air Act 1970….became reality in 1981 • .41 grams per mile hydrocarbons • 1 grams per mile nitrogen oxides • 3.4 grams per mile carbon monoxide

32. Results of Clean Air Act 1970 • More expensive cars • Pollution devices • Catalytic converter • Fuel injection • Unleaded fuel more expensive than regular • Eventually unleaded was regular • Lower horsepower, reduced performance • Lower compression ratio • Less horsepower • Smaller engines

33. Clean Air Act of 1970 Plus 40 years • North Carolina has about 4 million cars • Pre-Clean Air Actpollution rate • 755,227,200,000 grams of hydrocarbons per year • Post-Clean Air Actpollution rate • 15,899,493,867 grams of hydrocarbons per year • 1969 Pontiac GTO 400 cid V-8 10 mpg • 0-60 mph in 5.8 seconds • 2008 Pontiac G8 3.6 liter (220 cid) 20 mpg • 0-60 mph in 5.1 seconds

34. Ethanolhowstuffworks.com http://healthandenergy.com/ethanol.htm • 1 gallon of ethanol 77,0000 BTU • Requires 131,000 BTU to make and transport it • David Pimental, Cornell University • 1 BTU of fossil fuel to get 1.3 BTU of ethanol to market • US National Renewable Energy Lab • 11 acres of corn to power a car for 1 year • 11 acres will feed 7 people • $1.74 to produce a gallon of ethanol • $0.95 to produce a gallon of gasoline • $1 billion per year government subsidies

35. Bio-Dieselhttp://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G1990Bio-Dieselhttp://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G1990 • 600 pounds of fuel from 1 acre of sunflowers • 17,035 BTU per pound • 7.6 pounds per gallon 129,466 BTU per gallon • Diesel fuel • 19,494 BTU per pound • 7.1 pounds per gallon 138,407 BTU per gallon Make B100 Biodiesel for as Little as $1.00/gallon! (depending on crop) 100% Clean, 100% Renewable, 100% Affordable Fuel http://www.cogeneration.net

36. Summary • More often than not simple economics determines what we do and how we do it • Alternatives are usually more expensive • If forced, we come up with workable solutions • Your students can use mathematics to analyze the feasibility of options

37. Calculating the "Green" of Going Green Dr. Brad Christensen Berea College brad_christensen@berea.edu