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Emergent Nation

Explore the significant social events that shaped the emergent nation and the evolution of higher education, including the opening of the West, immigration, slavery, railroads, and the establishment of land-grant colleges.

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Emergent Nation

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  1. Emergent Nation Significant Social Events • Opening of West, Homestead Act, Louisiana Purchase • Add Florida, Texas, Oregon • European Immigration • Slavery-3/5 person • Railroads, telegraph • Bank of the US, national currency, post office • Social movements, antislavery, child labor laws, compulsory schooling, temperance

  2. Emergent Nation • National University? • Curriculum • Yale Report of 1828 • Issues: • church versus state control of higher education • The value of the college versus the university, and • Classical curriculum versus the principle of election. • What then is the appropriate object of a college? • The authors of the Yale Report believed education should: • Act in a manner of parental control • Provide a man with mental discipline • Provide vigorously exercise a man’s mental faculties • Classical education would form a proper character

  3. Emergent Nation • Dartmouth College case (1815-1819) • Rationale: started as a private corporation designed to benefit the public • Counterargument: once a charter has been issued, it couldn’t be revoked • Ruling: there will be public colleges and there will be private colleges

  4. Emergent Nation • Harvard site of reform • 1867-Latin & Greek optional in junior and senior years • 1869-1909 Eliot President at Harvard- Eliot significantly impacted HE 3 goals for undergraduate education 1. Freedom of choice in studies 2. Opportunity to win distinction in special lines of study 3. Student discipline main responsibility of student

  5. Emergent Nation • Women in Higher Education • Sex in Education; or a Fair Chance for the Girls By: Edward H. Clarke – Harvard Medical School faculty • On women’s education: “believed that biology was destiny, women’s brains were less developed than men, and women could not tolerate intense levels of mental stimulation. More importantly, Clarke linked concentrated brain activity with the potential malfunction of the reproductive “apparatus,” especially if women were overtaxed during ‘menstruation’. Clarke feared for women’s ruined health” (Ropers-Huilman, 2003, p.16).

  6. Student Life/Discipline • Elaborate codification of rules and regulations • prohibited from leaving campus w/o permission on Sunday, rooms subject to faculty inspection at any time-even off campus!!! • prohibited behaviors included: swearing, drunkenness, striking instructors, card playing • Faculty carried the responsibility of overseeing discipline- a job/chore that was often not enforced due to their hesitation with enforcement.

  7. Transformation Era 1850 120 colleges 47 law schools 42 theological seminaries No ag, manufacturing, practical arts • Congressman Justin Morrill, VT Purpose: To promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life. …to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanical arts…

  8. Land Grant Colleges • 1862: Public lands given to each state: 30,000 acres for each senator/rep • : Public land for each state; approx 17 million acres; average return $1.65; 10% land purchase; invest remainder…perpetual endowment • Morrill Act 1890: 2 major components • Provided more funding for existing land grant institutions • Greater accountability – subjects to be taught were specified • Established Black Land-Grant Colleges

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