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Semicolons. To join two closely related independent clauses that do not have a coordinating conjunction A heart attack is a medical emergency; immediate attention and care is required. Practice.
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Semicolons • To join two closely related independent clauses that do not have a coordinating conjunction • A heart attack is a medical emergency; immediate attention and care is required.
Practice • Kyle Maynard has a rare disorder called “congenital amputation”; he has been limbless since birth. • The semicolon is separating two independent clauses.
Practice • Kyle has traveled cross-country as a motivational speaker; won an ESPN ESPY Award, a Courage Award, and wrestling awards and modeled for Vanity Fair and Abercrombie & Fitch. • The semicolon is breaking up a lengthy sentence.
Colons • After a salutation in a business letter • Dear Judge Parker: • Dear Governor Whitman: Between the hours, minutes, and seconds of a number indicating time 8:30 p.m. 9:45 a.m. 10:24:55
Colons: Practice • Whether it’s 12:00 midnight, 12:00 noon, or any hour between, the Orloj will astound you with its moving statues.
Colons • Use a colon to emphasize a word, phrase, clause or sentence that explains or adds impact to the main clause. • The newest candidates announced their platforms today: Lower taxes and more efficient services are the consistent themes.
Colons • To introduce a list • I got all the proper equipment: scissors, a bucket of water to keep things clean, some cotton for the stuffing, and needle and thread to sew it up.
Semicolons • Before a conjunctive adverb (with a comma after) when the word connects two independent clauses in a compound sentence • I know that I need to finish the research for my essay; however, our Internet service is down and the library is closed on Sunday.
Semicolons • To separate groups of words that already contain commas • Every Saturday night my little brother gathers up his things-goggles, shower cap, and snorkel; bubble bath, soap, and shampoo; tapes, stereo, and rubber duck- and heads for the tub.
Apostrophes • For some, a mountain’s icy walls or frozen waterfalls are a real test. • Shows possession
Apostrophes • A climber’s tools include crampons, hard boots, an ice pick, ice screws, cold-weather clothes and goggles. • Shows possession
Apostrophes Girl’s guitar (one girl) Girls’ guitar (two girls)
Apostrophes Boss’s order (one boss) Bosses’ order (two bosses)
Apostrophes • Hoshi, Linda, and Nakiva’s water skis • All three own one pair of skis • Hoshi’s, Linda’s, and Nakiva’s water skis • Each person owns their own set of skis