Lesson 3: Nouns & Articles

1. Lesson 3: Nouns & Articles

2. Errors in using nouns - 1 Countability and uncountability of English nouns Countable nouns - could be used with indefinite articles, such as, a, an, or one, two, many, a large number of, plenty of. They show the number. Uncountable nouns - cannot be used with indefinite articles, but with « much », « a little », « a large amount of », « plenty of », etc. They show the quantity. Something that is countable, but rarely counted, such as « hair » and « rice », is considered as uncountable. Remember: uncountable nouns always go with singular verbs. Ex., 1. The CNN news is always very informative. 2. This ink is not suitable for my pen. 3. The rice from Thailand tastes very good.

3. Errors in using nouns - 2 • 2. Common errors - determining the real subject • A box of eggs (is, are) on the table. • The memoranda (is, are) not important. • Fifty years (is, are) not a long time. • The United States (is, are) in North America. • 3.Parenthetical elements between subject and verb • If a subject is followed by a parenthetical element like, as well as, besides, like, together with, in addition to, as much as, no less than, etc., the verb is often mistaken as plural. Ex., • My sister, together with Bob and John, (is, are) gone. • The boy, like his father, (sit, sits) still. • Your father, rather than your brother, is responsible for the act.

4. 4. Colletive nouns family crew crowd board committee party enemy audience reader • This group of nouns can both be singular and plural, depending on the situations. • This class has only 20 students. • The class are all gone out to play. • Other nouns have singular forms but plural contents, so the verbs to be used must be plural. people, cattle, police, etc. • Chinese are a hard-working people. • The cattle are in the shed. • Fish are cold-blooded. • Why Iraq’s police are a menace? • The youth of Taiwan have lofty ideals. (loft = ? lofty = dignified, elevated, high, great, aloof, etc.)

5. Errors in using nouns - 3 5. Plural nouns commonly misused as singular The following nouns are always plural: annals ashes billiards clothes dregs (= sediment, grounds, residue) leavings goods obsequies pants pliers pincers remains scissors shears thanks trousers tweezers wages 6. Singular nouns with plural forms acoustics aeronautics athletics civics comics dynamics economics esthetics ethics hydraulics linguistics magnetics mathematics means news optics phonetics physics politics statistics United States whereabouts 7. Incorrect use of uncountable nouns - There are many evidences; He gave me several informations. - Several deformations are observed in this mountain belt. - I have many good news to tell you; This is a good news. - He gave me many good advices; Do you have other softwares? - What progresses have you made? He has plenty of knowledges.

6. Errors in using articles - 1 English articles, in comparison with nouns, verbs, adverbs, etc., appear to be unimportant; they are often overlooked by the learner of English. However, article is used the most frequently among the 10 categories of words. The presence or absence of an article may significantly change the meaning of a sentence. Correct use of article is indeed very important, but it is not an easy thing to do. Indefinite article exists in two forms: a, an Test: which one is correct? Do you have father? Do you have a father? I need a secretary and treasurer. I need a secretary and a tresurer. (two different meanings) 3. Happy New Year to you. A Happy New Year to you. Heineken is a good beer. Heineken is good beer. (Material noun in normally uncountable. However, if it represents a kind, a part, or a brand, then it becomes a countable noun.)

7. Errors in using articles - 2 Definite article - « the » The most important concept of « definite article » is to distinguish a particular object from a group of similar objects. In general, the use of a definite article is more flexible and complicated than that of an indefinite article. Consequently, the chance of misuse is also greater. Ex., Do you play piano? Do you play the piano? Do you play tennis? Do you play the tennis? He is very good at baseball. He is very good at the baseball. Sun usually sets before moon rises. The sun usually sets before the moon rises. (unique subject needs it; other examples: the earth, the world, the universe, the Pacific) The pen is mightier than the sword (abstract concept needs it). Proper nouns do not need articles unless they are rivers, oceans, bays, ranges, islands, or country names (The Yangtse River, the Thames, the Japan Sea, the Rockies, the Philippines, the U.S.A.) Abstract nouns do not need articles: Honesty is the best policy; Diligence is the father of success.

8. Exercise 1: find the errors • I have many good news [U] to tell you. • I saw a flock of sheeps [U] in the meadow. • The tailor cut the cloth with a scissors. • I received many e-mails [U] yesterday. • This cattle (coll., pl] is from Australia, not from Holland. • He has plenty of knowledges [U]. • Her family is all waiting for her. • Politics are much more difficult than physics.

9. Uncountable or Noncount Nouns • Food & Drink: beef, bread, cheese, milk, water, rice, ice cream • Nonfood: air, coal, plastic, wood, dirt, petroleum, soap, steel • Abstract: advice, anger, beauty, fun, information, knowledge, truth • Other: research, clothing, furniture, weather, work, equipment • Language: English, Mandarin, French

10. Uncountable nouns are not plural • We need some information[s] about rainforests. • He asked me for some advice[s]. • Wood and steel are used in construction. • Uncountable nouns always go with singular verbs • The CNN news is always very informative. • This ink is not suitable for my pen. • The rice from Thailand tastes very good.

11. Uncountable nouns do not usually need an article (a, an), because those articles imply specific individuals • Furniture makes our houses more comfortable. • We had some delicious beef for dinner. • Knowledge is power. • Time is money. • Geology is an interesting field of study.

12. But Uncountable nouns do take the referring to the group or concept as a whole • The air in this room is cool. • The pork in this restaurant is very good. • The dirt on the wall is very messy • The knowledge we have gained will be useful to us.

13. Some adjectives for uncountablenouns • analysis  a statistical analysis • paper  a scientific paper • calculation  a computer calculation • a little rain • less violence • more coffee • enough money • any homework

14. More examples • a bottle of water • a cup of coffee • a carton of milk • a loaf of bread • a piece of advice • a cubic meter of wood • a tube of toothpaste • an item of information • an article/piece of furniture

15. 中文萬歲！中文真的很有意思 老外很難懂 「一『首』歌、二『隻』駱駝、三『張』桌子、四『門』炮、五『把』扇子、六『輛』汽車、七『架』飛機、八『根』柱子、九『條』絲瓜、十『面』鏡子、十一『尾』魚、十二『道』菜…。」 「一『匹』馬、二『頭』牛、三『隻』猴子、四『條』狗、五『口』羊、六『盞』燈、七『畝』田、八『扇』窗、九『枚』火箭，十『只』戒指！」 史密士屏了一「口」氣說：「我現在是一『顆』頭，兩『粒』大，更糊塗了，還有嗎？」 我說：「你只能說一『輪』明月，但不能說一『輪』月亮；兩『匹』馬可以，但兩『匹』駱駝就感覺怪怪的。 一『葉』扁舟是形容其小而飄浮不定，一『座』山則是碩大而穩重。 一『支』舞曲，會令人感到腳底輕盈；而一『道』彩虹，則令人覺得前程似錦，充滿希望。 對會喝酒的人來說，一『缸』好酒是大量，一『罈』好酒是有量，一『瓶』好酒是小量，而像我只能喝一『盅』好酒，是雅量！ 還有，說你打得一『手』好球，是褒你；讚你打得一『口』好球，是損你！ 一『則』新聞表示繽紛世事中的一個小故事，而一『條』法律則表示條裡分明，白紙黑字。但『條』不像『根』那麼硬梆梆的，軟軟的就有協商的餘地。 一『支』部隊，讓人有非常機動的感覺，而一『股』力量，則讓人感到一股作氣的氣勢。 但我實在喜歡一『片』花海、一『片』真情、一『片』痴心、一『片』歡騰，還有，一『片』混亂?

16. 一美女興致勃勃地問醫生： 「我想豐胸，但是豐胸後會有什麼效果？」 醫生淡定地答道： 「豐胸後，一般會有四種結果： 1. 大不一樣； 2. 不大一樣； 3. 一樣不大； 4. 不一樣大！」 世界上沒有其他的文 字能夠有這樣的功能，中文萬歲！！！

17. Exercise 2 • Some deformation (is/are) observed in this mountain belt. • A box of eggs (is/are) on the table. • Fifty years (is/are) not a long time. • These windows are made of (glass/glasses). • (Many/Much) clothing is needed in cold weather. • I ate six (loaves/slices) of bread for breakfast this morning. • In the number 198,700,504,000, there are six (0s/0’s)

18. Pronoun: who, which, that • Who, which, and that take verbs that agree with their antecedents • Dr. Chen is the scientist who is studying vacuum drying of wood. • Dr. Chen, who is studying vacuum drying of wood, is a scientist at Virginia Tech. • Pick a specimen that is clear and straight. • These specimens, which are clear and straight, will be satisfactory for our tests. • We are reading a book that was written many years ago. • We are reading this book, which was written many years ago.

19. Use which with a nonrestrictive clause. • These apples, which were picked yesterday, are not yet ripe. • This university, which is near Taipei city, has a very large campus. • Use that with a restrictive clause. • The apples that were picked yesterday are not ripe. • The university that is near Pingtung City has a very large campus.

20. Exercise 3 • I like the baby (who/which) is in the cradle. • I like the cat and the man (which/that) are coming this way. • Mary is the most diligent student (who/that) I have ever seen. • I like my sister, (who/which) lives in Taipei. • I like my sister, (who/which) is an absolutely true fact. • My sister, together with Bob and John, (is/are) gone. • The boy, like his father, (sit/sits) still.

21. Use of articles: a, an, the • ais used before a consonant sound • a teacher • a student • a happy person (h is pronounced) • a useful car (u is pronounced) • an is used before a vowel sound • an egg • an airplane • an hour (h is NOT pronounced) • an uncle

22. When to use a/an? • We will make our field trip on asunny day next week. (we do not say which day) • She wants to study at a university in America. (she does not say which university) • When to use the? • He is not the boy who cheated in an exam yesterday. (boy is identified) • I am going to the train station. (train station is identified by implication)

23. Do not use a or an with uncountable nouns • We went to the library to look for information. • Cleaning the house takes a lot of time. • Do not add articles before abstract nouns • We cannot live without love. • I am losing my patience. • Do not add articles before material nouns • Drinking water is important. • Father brings bread and butter home every day.

24. In general, proper nouns do not require articles • Mary is from Canada. • Mt. Everest is in Asia; Mount Blanc is in Europe. • Spring is the best season. • Taiwan is an island. • June is often very hot in Taipei. • Queen Elizabeth visited Australia recently. • Park Street is the main street in this city. • This road leas to CKS Airport.

25. Do not use articles with names of: • subjects • Mrs. Lin teaches us history. • He hates geometry. • meals • Did you have lunch? • Missing breakfast is bad for your health. • languages • English is easy to learn. • Can you speak French? • sports • Do you play tennis? • I really love soccer.

26. Use the with names of: • oceans, seas, gulfs, rivers, deserts • the Pacific Ocean • the Mediterranean Sea • the Yellow River • the Gobi Desert • united countries • the United States of America • the United Kingdom • the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, translation:Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated СССР, SSSR) • empires, dynasties, ages • the British Empire • the Chin Dynasty • the Dark Ages

27. Exercise 4: add or delete the articles • The dogs always chase the cats. • Being honest is virtue. • We Chinese eat the rice everyday. • Heineken is good beer. • I practice the baseball every week. • Sam does not like to go to the school. • Can you swim across English Channel? • Renaissance is a very important era for mankind. • The President Lincoln is a great person. • I like the walking in the woods.

28. Bon Courage!

29. Quiz #1 (Oct. 26, 2010) Add or delete the articles: 1. Decay and mold resistance of wood-based building panels can affect an indoor air quality and extent of structural damage after the flooding or failure of exterior building envelope. 2. The trees were harvested from two separate plantation sites, an “coastal” site in the western Washington and a “inland” site in the northeastern Oregon. The each grower identified promising clones from their respective plantations. 3. Specific objectives of this research were as follows: a. To explore engineering properties of composites that govern structural behavior of an proposed joint. b. To develop database of engineering properties of materials for future use. 4. Only few paper fragments bearing writing have been found in Han tombs. For all we know, Han used paper mostly to wrap fish. Yet they were writing like mad: poetry, complex mathematical problems, history, huge dictionary, government reports, and world’s earliest surviving large scale census (57,671,400 people in A.D. 2).

30. Add articles as necessary: 1. Ryokan, who was Zen master, lived simple life in little but at foot of mountain. Thief came to hut when Ryokan was away, but found nothing to steal. Ryokan returned and caught him. “You may have come long way to visit me”, he told prowler. “You should not return empty handed. Please take my clothes as gift”. Thief took Ryokan’s clothes and slunk away. Ryokan was naked, watching moon. “Poor fellow”, he mused, I wish I could give him this beautiful moon”. 2. When we speak of glass, ordinarily we mean transparent, shiny substance that breaks rather easily. We may think of glass in our windows and glass used in our laboratories as being same material. Actually they are not. There are many kinds of glass. One company has developed more than 65,000 kinds of glass.