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Latin Verbs

Latin Verbs. I. Overview We have learned that Latin Nouns and Adjectives are put into groups with other Nouns or Adjectives that are formed in the same way. We call these groups of nouns and adjectives Declensions.

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Latin Verbs

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  1. Latin Verbs I. Overview We have learned that Latin Nouns and Adjectives are put into groups with other Nouns or Adjectives that are formed in the same way. We call these groups of nouns and adjectives Declensions. We have also learned that nouns and adjectives change their endings to signify which part of the sentence the word is performing. We call the endings a noun or adjective takes on their Case Endings. All words in the same Declension share same form of the case endings, except in the Nominative Singular.

  2. I. Overview Just like nouns and adjectives, we put Lain verbs into groups that of verbs that are formed in the same way. We call these categories of verbs Conjugations. Verbs too change their endings, but in a way different from nouns. The endings of the verb tell us about who is doing the verbal action. We call the endings of a verb the Personal Endings.

  3. I. Overview NB: Terminology 1 When dealing with verbs in both Latin and English, we need to keep our terminology straight. When we have a particular verb form and are asked to give its defining information, we are asked to supply five things, and we need to know what each means: 1. Person 2. Number 3. Tense 4. Voice 5. Mood

  4. I. Overview 1. Person: This defines the subject of the verb. By person, we mean First (I, we), Second (you, you pl.) or Third (he, she, it, they). 2. Number: This tells us whether the subject is Singular or Plural, i.e., the difference between I and we, etc. 3. Tense: Tense refers to when an action was done and also tells us whether it was completed. The tenses in Latin are: 1. Present 4. Perfect 2. Imperfect 5. Pluperfect 3. Future 6. Future Perfect

  5. I. Overview 4. Voice: Voice refers to how we describe the verbal action in relation to the subject. The two voices in Latin are Active and Passive. When a verb is Active, the Subject is the doer of the verbal action. When a verb is passive, the Subject has the verbal action done onto him. 5. Mood: Mood refers to the attitude of the speaker towards what he is describing, i.e., is he speaking about a wish, an opinion, a fact, etc. The Moods in Latin are: 1. Indicative – Facts 2. Subjunctive – Wishes, Opinions, etc. 3. Imperative – Commands

  6. I. Overview NB: The Four Principle Parts When you look up a verb in your dictionary, it will be listed with what are called its Four Principle Parts: Amo, Amāre, Amavi, Amatus,-a, -um 1st Person Present Active 1st Person Perfect Passive Singular Infinitve Singular Participle Present Perfect “I love” “To Love” “I loved” “Having been loved” Video, Vidēre, Vidi, Visus, -a, -um Duco, Ducere, Duxi, Ductus, -a, -um

  7. I. Overview NB: The Four Principle Parts Whenever we learn a verb in Latin, we must always learn what are called the Four Principle Parts. These are the various stems which Latin uses to form the different tense forms of a verb. ALL FOUR PRINCIPLE PARTS MUST ALWAYS BE MEMORIZED WHEN LEARNING A VERB. Without them, you cannot properly use a verb in all its forms. And No Whining about the Principle Parts and how to use them – the fact that Latin uses one stem for the present tense and another for the perfect is no different from the way English uses the stem “Say” for the present and “Said” for the past. You already know how to do this, so No Whining.

  8. II. The Conjugations Latin verbs are broken down into four categories we call Conjugations. You CANNOT put a Latin noun into its forms correctly without knowing its Declension. Just so, you CANNOT use a Latin Verb correctly without knowing its Conjugation. So the first thing we must learn is how to identify the Conjugation of a verb from its Principle Parts. What defines each of the conjugations is what we call the Thematic Vowel.

  9. II. The Conjugations Each of the four Conjugations of Latin Verbs has what we call a Thematic Vowel. When a verb belongs to a particular conjugation, it means the Thematic Vowel always appears in the verb in its Present, Imperfect, and Future tense forms, so the Conjugation and Thematic Vowel are crucial to forming a verb correctly.

  10. II. The Conjugations The Thematic Vowels for each of the Conjugations are the following: 1st Conjugation: ā 2nd Conjugation: ē 3rd Conjugation: e 4th Conjugation: ī When you encounter a verb in Latin, the first thing you must do is identify the Conjugation. You identify the Conjugation by identifying the verb’s Thematic Vowel, which can be told from looking at the First and Second Principle Parts TOGETHER.

  11. II. The Conjugations Identifying the Thematic Vowel: The 1st and 2nd Principle Parts of a verb TOGETHER give us a verb’s Thematic Vowel and Conjugation. To see why we need both the 1st and 2nd Principle Parts, consider these exempla: 1st Amo, Amāre, Amavi, Amatus,-a, -um 2nd Video, Vidēre, Vidi, Visus, -a, -um 3rd Duco, Ducere, Duxi, Ductus, -a, -um 3rd-io Capio, Capere, Cepi, Captus, -a, -um 4th Audio, Audīre, Audivi,Auditus, -a, -um Notice that without both Principle Parts, it is ambiguous what Conjugation a verb belongs to.

  12. II. The Conjugations:Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Parts Conjugation 1st P.P. 2nd P.P. T.V. 1st - o - āre ā 2nd - eo - ēre ē 3rd - o - ere e 3rd –io - io - ere e 4th - io - īre ī

  13. II. The Conjugations Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Parts: Exempla What is the conjugation of the following verbs? 1. ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum = 2. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum = 3. audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum = 4. dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum = 5. exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitum = 6. imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum = 7. capiō, capere, cēpī, captum = 8. mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum = 9. poscō, poscere, poposcī, — = 10. veniō, venīre, venī, ventum =

  14. II. The Conjugations Recognizing the Conjugation from the Principle Parts: Exempla What is the conjugation of the following verbs? 1. ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum = 1st 2. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum = 3rd 3. audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum = 4th 4. dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum = 2nd 5. exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitum = 2nd 6. imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum = 1st 7. capiō, capere, cēpī, captum = 3rd -io 8. mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum = 3rd 9. poscō, poscere, poposcī, — = 3rd 10. veniō, venīre, venī, ventum = 4th

  15. III. The Present System As mentioned before, Latin uses different stems for different tenses. We learn the four Principle parts of any verb in order to form the three different verbal stems any Latin verb has. Stems 1st + 2nd P.P.  Present Active/Passive 3rd P.P.  Perfect Active 4th P.P.  Perfect Passive Here we will discuss the tenses you form on the Present Stem, the so-called Present System

  16. III. The Present System The Present System refers to the tenses we form using the Present Active/Passive Stem. These are: 1. Present 2. Imperfect 3. Future We form these tenses by adding the Present Active Personal Endings and the appropriate Tense Marker to the Present Stem. To form the Present Stem, we drop the –re from the 2nd Principle Part.

  17. III. The Present System Formation of the Present Stem: Drop the –re from the 2nd Principle Part - Exempla: 1. ambulō, ambulāre = 2. ascendō, ascendere = 3. audiō, audīre = 4. dēbeō, dēbēre = 5. exerceō, exercēre = 6. imperō, imperāre = 7. capiō, capere = 8. mittō, mittere = 9. poscō, poscere = 10. veniō, venīre =

  18. III. The Present System Formation of the Present Stem: Drop the –re from the 2nd Principle Part - Exempla: 1. ambulō, ambulāre = ambula- 2. ascendō, ascendere = ascende- 3. audiō, audīre = audi- 4. dēbeō, dēbēre = debe- 5. exerceō, exercēre = exerce- 6. imperō, imperāre = impera- 7. capiō, capere = cape- 8. mittō, mittere = mitte- 9. poscō, poscere = posce- 10. veniō, venīre = veni-

  19. III. The Present System:Stem Vowels and Tense NB: The Present Stem will always end in a vowel. This vowel will change slightly between the Present Tense and the Imperfect and Future Tenses according to the following rule: Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie Future -a -e -e -ie -ie

  20. III. The Present System Now that we have the Present Stem, we must learn the Active Personal Endings of the Present System: - o / m - mus - s - tis - t - nt All active forms of the Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses use these endings and only these endings, which we add to the Present Stem following a formula for each tense.

  21. III. The Present System:The Present Tense The Present Tense is formed by adding the Personal Endings directly onto the Present Stem. Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: 1st Conjugation – –a drops out before –o of 1st Sing. 3rd Conjugation – T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing. – T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl. 3rd –io – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1st Sing. – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl. 4th Conjugation – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl.

  22. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: –a drops out before –o of 1st Sing. Exemplum: amo, amāre, amavi, amatus Stem = amā(–Ends in T.V.) Am(a)+o = Amo Ama+mus = Amamus Ama+s = Amas Ama+tis = Amatis Ama+t = Amat Ama+nt = Amant

  23. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i Exemplum: habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Stem = habē(–Ends in T.V.) Habe+o = Habeo Habe+mus = Habemus Habe+s = Habes Habe+tis = Habetis Habe+t = Habet Habe+nt = Habent

  24. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – T.V. drops out before –o of 1st Sing. – T.V. changes to –u in 3rd Pl. Exemplum: duco, ducere, duxi, ductus Stem = duci(–T.V. Changes to –i) Duc(i)+o= Duco Duci+mus = Ducimus Duci+s = Ducis Duci+tis = Ducitis Duci+t = Ducit Duc(i)+nt = Ducunt

  25. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB: – T.V. does not drop out before –o of 1st Sing. – T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl. Exemplum: capio, capere, cepi, captus Stem = capi(–T.V. changes to –i) Capi+o = Capio Capi+mus = Capimus Capi+s = Capis Capi+tis = Capitis Capi+t = Capit Capi+u+nt = Capiunt

  26. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd –io 4th Present -a -e -i -i -i NB:– T.V. changes to –iu in 3rd Pl. Exemplum: audio, audīre, audivi, auditus Stem = audi(–Ends in T.V.) Audi+o = Audio Audi+mus = Audimus Audi+s = Audis Audi+tis = Auditis Audi+t = Audit Audi+u+nt= Audiunt

  27. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Exempla: 1st Conjugation: T.V. = ā Festino Festinamus Festinas Festinatis Festinat Festinant

  28. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Exempla: 2nd Conjugation: T.V. = ē Video Videmus Vides Videtis Videt Vident

  29. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Exempla: 3rd Conjugation: T.V. = e becomes i Peto Petimus Petis Petitis Petit Petunt

  30. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Exempla: 3rd –io Conjugation: T.V. = e becomes i Facio Facimus Facis Facitis Facit Faciunt

  31. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Present Tense = Present Stem (ending in T.V.) + Personal Endings Exempla: 4th Conjugation: T.V. = ī Venio Venimus Venis Venitis Venit Veniunt

  32. III. The Present System:The Present Tense Festino Festinamus Peto Petimus Festinas Festinatis Petis Petitis Festinat Festinant Petit Petunt Video Videmus Facio Facimus Vides Videtis Facis Facitis Videt Vident Facit Faciunt Venio Venimus Venis Venitis Venit Veniunt

  33. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense The Imperfect Tense is formed by adding the Tense Marker –ba– to the verb stem (after T.V) plus the Personal Endings. Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings (Tense Marker) Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: All Conjugations: 1st Singular uses –m

  34. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: All Conjugations: 1st Singular uses –m Exemplum: amo, amāre, amavi, amatus Stem = amā (–Ends in T.V.) Ama+ba+m = Amabam Ama+ba+mus = Amabamus Ama+ba+s = Amabas Ama+ba+tis = Amabatis Ama+ba+t = Amabat Ama+ba+nt = Amabant

  35. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: All Conjugations: 1st Singular uses –m Exemplum: habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Stem = habē(–Ends in T.V.) Habe+ba+m = Habebam Habe+ba+mus = Habebamus Habe+ba+s = Habebas Habe+ba+tis = Habebatis Habe+ba+t = Habebat Habe+ba+nt = Habebant

  36. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: All Conjugations: 1st Singular uses –m Exemplum: duco, ducere, duxi, ductus Stem = duce(–T.V. becomes –e) Duce+ba+m= Ducebam Duce+ba+mus = Ducebamus Duce+ba+s = Ducebas Duce+ba+tis = Ducebatis Duce+ba+t = Ducebat Duce+ba+nt = Ducebant

  37. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: All Conjugations: 1st Singular uses –m Exemplum: capio, capere, cepi, captus Stem = capie(–T.V. becomes –ie) Capie+ba+m = Capiebam Capie+ba+mus = Capiebamus Capie+ba+s = Capiebas Capie+ba+tis = Capiebatis Capie+ba+t = Capiebat Capie+ba+nt = Capiebant

  38. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Imperfect -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: All Conjugations: 1st Singular uses –m Exemplum: audio, audīre, audivi, auditus Stem = audie(T.V. becomes –ie) Audie+ba+m = Audiebam Audie+ba+mus = Audiebamus Audie+ba+s = Audiebas Audie+ba+tis = Audiebatis Audie+ba+t = Audiebat Audie+ba+nt = Audiebant

  39. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Exempla: Conjugate the following verbs in your notebooks in the Imperfect Tense. 1. festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatus 2. video, vidēre, vidi, visus 3. peto, petere, petivi, petitus 4. facio, facere, feci, factus 5. venio, venire, veni, ventus

  40. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Exempla: 1st Conjugation: festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatus T.V. = ā Festinabam Festinabamus Festinabas Festinabatis Festinabat Festinabant

  41. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Exempla: 2nd Conjugation: video, vidēre, vidi, visus T.V. = ē Videbam Videbamus Videbas Videbatis Videbat Videbant

  42. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Exempla: 3rd Conjugation: peto, petere, petivi, petitus T.V. = e Petebam Petebamus Petebas Petebatis Petebat Petebant

  43. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Exempla: 3rd –io Conjugation: facio, facere, feci, factus T.V. = ie Faciebam Faciebamus Faciebas Faciebatis Faciebat Faciebant

  44. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Imperfect = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + ba + Personal Endings Exempla: 4th Conjugation: venio, venire, veni, ventus T.V. = ie Veniebam Veniebamus Veniebas Veniebatis Veniebat Veniebant

  45. III. The Present System:The Imperfect Tense Festinabam Festinabamus Petebam Petebamus Festinabas Festinabatis Petebas Petebatis Festinabat Festinabant Petebat Petebant Videbam Videbamus Faciebam Faciebamus Videbas Videbatis Faciebas Faciebatis Videbat Videbant Faciebat Faciebant Veniebam Veniebamus Veniebas Veniebatis Veniebat Veniebant

  46. III. The Present System:The Future Tense The Future Tense is formed in two different ways, depending on the Conjugation of the verb. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd Conjugation follow one pattern or equation, while verbs of the 3rd and 4th Conjugation follow a second pattern or equation. 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings (Tense Marker) 3rd and 4th = Present Stem (T.V. changes to e/ie) + Personal Endings (e/ie = Future Tense Marker)

  47. III. The Present System:The Future Tense – 1st and 2nd Conjugation 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –o – -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1st Singular – -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural Exemplum: amo, amāre, amavi, amatus Stem = amā(–Ends in T.V.) Ama+b(i)+o = Amabo Ama+bi+mus = Amabimus Ama+bi+s = Amabis Ama+bi+tis = Amabitis Ama+bi+t = Amabit Ama+bu+nt = Amabunt

  48. III. The Present System:The Future Tense – 1st and 2nd Conjugation 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie NB: 1st Singular uses –o – -i of Tense Marker drops out in 1st Singular – -i of Tense Marker becomes –u in 3rd Plural Exemplum: habeo, habēre, habui, habitus Stem = habē(–Ends in T.V.) Habe+b(i)+o = Habebo Habe+bi+mus = Habebimus Habe+bi+s = Habebis Habe+bi+tis = Habebitis Habe+bi+t = Habebit Habe+bu+nt = Habebunt

  49. III. The Present System:The Future Tense – 1st and 2nd Conjugation 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie Exempla: Conjugate the following verbs in your notebooks in the Future Tense. 1. festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatus 2. video, vidēre, vidi, visus

  50. III. The Present System:The Future Tense – 1st and 2nd Conjugation 1st and 2nd = Present Stem (Ending in T.V.) + bi + Personal Endings Tense 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd–io 4th Future -a -e -e -ie -ie Exempla: 1st Conjugation: festino, festināre, festinavi, festinatus T.V. = ā Festinabo Festinabimus Festinabis Festinabitis Festinabit Festinabunt

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