Reconstruction (1865-1876)

1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

2. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

3. Objective: To analyze the government’s plan for the South after the Civil War. • freedmen - Men and women who had been slaves. • Reconstruction - rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

4. The Civil War was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation. At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000. These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam. After the Civil War

5. Amazing War Losseswww.civilwarhome.com/casualties.htm

6. The following quote came from Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural address, March 4, 1865. “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” What do you think this quote means? What is President Lincoln speaking about?

7. The Defeated South Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War? A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

8. Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

9. Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

10. A. Physical 1. In some areas, every house, barn and bridge had been destroyed. 2. 2/3 of railroad tracks had been destroyed 3. Columbia, Richmond, and Atlanta were leveled. I. Problems facing the South at the end of the Civil War

11. Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865

12. Above: Charleston, South Carolina Right: Atlanta, Georgia

13. Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

14. This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia)

15. · Confederate money became worthless, and banks closed.

16. B. Economic 1. Confederate $ was worthless- Banks closed, borrowed $ was never returned 2. NO LABOR!!- 1/5 of all Southern men were killed C. Freedmen-4 Million of them with no land, no jobs, and no education

17. · Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education. Left and right: post-Civil WarOhio Atlanta, GA

18. Re construction The period of time after the Civil War when the South was rebuilt. The federal program to rebuild the South. 1865 - 1877

19. D. POLITICAL STRUCTURE- Who is going to lead the South now?

20. Freedmen’s Bureau · The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites. A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)

21. Wartime Reconstruction

22. President Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

23. President Lincoln’s Plan • 1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR • “loyal assemblies” • They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

24. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). • Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. • Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

25. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • “Iron-Clad” Oath. PocketVeto PresidentLincoln Wade-DavisBill

26. Competing Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan: • Once 10% of the state’s voters swore loyalty to the U.S…. II. …Southern states could rejoin the national government after they abolished slavery.

27. Congress’ Wade-Davis Bill: I. It required that amajority of Southern white men swear loyalty to the U.S…. II. …and denied former Confederate soldiers the right to vote or hold political office.

28. Jeff Davis Under Arrest

29. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

30. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

31. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

32. Freedmen’s Bureau School

33. The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

34. The following presentation is divided into (3) sections with separate objectives: Identify the conspiracy and conspirators in the plot involving Abraham Lincoln. Describe what happened on the fateful evening of April 14, 1865. Explain the events that occurred after the death of the President. Objectives: If you would like to go to a specific objective, click on the appropriate button.

35. John Wilkes Booth • Born on May 10, 1838 in Maryland; the 9th of 10 children. • He was the lead in some of William Shakespeare's most famous works. • He was a racist and Southern sympathizer during the Civil War. • He hated Abraham Lincoln who represented everything Booth was against. • Booth blamed Lincoln for all the South's ills. • BOOTH WANTED REVENGE!!!!

36. Started his acting career in 1855 and by 1860 was making $20,000 a year…. many called him "the handsomest man in America“ and he had an easy charm about him that attracted women…. In 1859 Booth was an eyewitness to the execution of John Brown and stood near the scaffold with other armed men to guard against any attempt to rescue John Brown before the hanging…. On November 9, 1863, President Lincoln viewed Booth in the role of Raphael in The Marble Heart in Ford’s Theatre. …other interesting facts about Booth

37. LEFT Booth (middle) with his brothers in Julius Caesar; RIGHT Booth in his teen years

38. The Conspirators…. George Atzerodt Samuel Arnold David Herold Lewis Powell (Paine or Payne) Michael O'Laughlen John Suratt

39. Booth’s Original Plan • In late summer of 1864 Booth began developing plans to kidnap Lincoln, take him to Richmond (the Confederate capital), and hold him in return for Confederate prisoners of war.

40. What happened? • Booth began using Mary Surratt's boardinghouse (pictured left) to meet with his co-conspirators. • On March 17, 1865, the group planned to capture Lincoln who was scheduled to attend a play at a hospital located on the outskirts of Washington. • However, the President changed plans and remained in the capital. Thus, Booth's plot to kidnap Lincoln failed.

41. A Big Change of Plans… • On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. (War is over) • Two days later Lincoln spoke from the White House to a crowd gathered outside. Booth was present as Lincoln suggested in his speech that voting rights be granted to certain blacks. • Infuriated, Booth's plans now turned in the direction of assassination.

42. Booth over the edge…. • Lincoln suggested conferring voting rights for some blacks; "on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers." • Booth was enraged! He said, "Now, by God! I'll put him through. That is the last speech he will ever make."

43. The Opportunity…. • On April 14, Booth stopped at Ford's Theatre to pick up his mail. • While there he learned of President Lincoln's plans to attend the evening performance of Our American Cousin.

44. One last meeting…. • Booth held one final meeting with his co-conspirators. • He said he would kill Lincoln at the theatre (he had since learned that Grant had left town). • Booth gave the others their orders. • Booth also arranged to have a fast horse waiting for him.

45. Andrew Johnson • George Atzerodt was to kill Vice-President Andrew Johnson at the Kirkwood House where Johnson resided. Johnson was not home when Atzerodt came calling.

46. William Seward • Lewis Powell was assigned to kill Secretary of State William Seward. • David Herold would accompany Powell. Powell wildly attempted to stab Seward, but struck no fatal blows!!

47. What was the overall goal? • All attacks were to take place simultaneously at approximately 10:15 P.M. that night. • Booth hoped the resulting chaos and weakness in the government would lead to a comeback for the South.

48. Ford's Theatre • between E and F streets in Washington, D.C. • Booth performed there twice – last time March18, 1865 – and was familiar with the layout.

49. Lincoln’s Evening • President Lincoln and his wife arrived late at 8:30 with Maj. Henry Rathbone and his girlfriend Clara Harris. • The play stopped and Hail to the Chief was sung as Lincoln made his was to the state box. • Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln’s regular bodyguard, was not available, so a new guard was assigned and was posted outside the door.

50. Lincoln’s Protection…. • John Parker, a Washington police officer who had been assigned as Lincoln's bodyguard for the evening, met the President just as he was entering the box. • Parker, who did not have a very good record as a policeman, took his seat outside the box. • However, he found that he could not see the stage, so he left his post to find better seating. • Unbelievably, Parker then left the theater at intermission with Lincoln's footman and coachman. The three went to a saloon next to the theater for a drink.