Eisenhower said that he would stop the U2 flights but refused to apologise.

1. Before the Paris summit meeting an American U2 spy plane was shot down. The USA said it was a weather research plane. The Soviets had, however captured the pilot and his surveillance equipment. Eisenhower said that he would stop the U2 flights but refused to apologise. Khrushchev stormed out of a preliminary meeting. The Paris summit conference never took place. Vienna 1961 Khrushchev still wanted to find a solution to the Berlin problem and hoped he could push the new American president JFK around. Khrushchev issued another ultimatum for the USA to leave Berlin by the end of 1961 otherwise all access between East and West Berlin would be denied- this sparked off the Berlin Crisis.

2. August 13th 1961 Khrushchev closes the border between East and West Berlin. A 50 kilometre line of barbed wire separates the East and the West. By the following day a wall is erected. West Berlin has been encircled. Kennedy said he was seeking peace, but asked Congress for an extra £3.25 billion to spend on the military. He wanted 6 army divisions , two marine divisions and triple the number of reserve troops. Khrushchev increased his spending budget by 30%.

3. (1) Need to insert from revision booklet (2) (3) (4)

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5. (6) Before the Paris summit meeting an American U2 spy plane was shot down. The USA said it was a weather research plane. The Soviets had, however captured the pilot and his surveillance equipment. (7) Eisenhower said that he would stop the U2 flights but refused to apologise. Khrushchev stormed out of a preliminary meeting. The Paris summit conference never took place. (8) Vienna 1961 Khrushchev still wanted to find a solution to the Berlin problem and hoped he could push the new American president JFK around. Khrushchev issued another ultimatum for the USA to leave Berlin by the end of 1961 otherwise all access between East and West Berlin would be denied- this sparked off the Berlin Crisis. (9) Kennedy said he was seeking peace, but asked Congress for an extra £3.25 billion to spend on the military. He wanted 6 army divisions , two marine divisions and triple the number of reserve troops. Khrushchev increased his spending budget by 30%.

6. (10) August 13th 1961 Khrushchev closes the border between East and West Berlin. A 50 kilometre line of barbed wire separates the East and the West. By the following day a wall is erected. West Berlin has been encircled. (11) Khrushchev says the wall was “the guarding gates of a socialist paradise.” The West protests, Kennedy sends 1,500 troops to Berlin. After a few months though it actually calms the situation down, the wall was seen as a fact of international life. (12) The wall splits German families . Khrushchev had broken the 1949 agreement over the running of Berlin, and America had not gone to war to stop the Soviets. (13) October 1961 Checkpoint Charlie standoff. For 2 days both Soviet and USA tanks faced each other across Checkpoint Charlie. Both sides were armed and ordered to fire if fired upon. NATO’s strategic Air Command were placed on high alert.

7. (14) After discussions, the Russians retreat their tanks by 5 meters which results in the Americans retreating 5 meters. This looks like it is the Soviets who have backed down, but they have succeeded as Berlin is still divided. (15) Kennedy visits the Wall in 1963 and speaks to a crowd of 200,000 people. He says the wall is a symbol of how communism has failed because they have had to build a wall to stop their people from leaving.