Augustine Institute Writing Seminar 2

1. Logic and Rhetoric Augustine InstituteWriting Seminar 2

2. Outline • 1. Introduction • 2. History of Logic and Rhetoric • 3. Logic • 4. Logical Fallacies • 5. Rhetorical Strategies

3. Introduction • Logic – principles of right thinking • Rhetoric – the art of persuasion, the art of speaking well • Why will these help me write good papers?

4. History of Logic and Rhetoric • Ancient Greco-Roman world

5. History of Logic and Rhetoric • The five parts of rhetoric • Invention • Arrangement • Style • Delivery • Memory

6. History of Logic and Rhetoric • New Testament and Church Fathers

7. History of Logic and Rhetoric • Medieval Era

8. History of Logic and Rhetoric • Renaissance

9. History of Logic and Rhetoric • Modern Times

10. History of Logic and Rhetoric • Demise of the Discipline of Rhetoric • 1891 – Wendell’s English Composition • 1907 – Woolley’s Handbook

11. History of Logic and Rhetoric • Rhetoric lives on in • Advertising • Speech writing • Political Debates • Academic Papers Image By Kevin Moran (http://www.flickr.com/photos/kwmoran/1810322738/) [GFDL (www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]

12. Introduction to Logic

13. Logic • Inference: A conclusion based on a set of facts • All men are mortal.

14. Logic • A proposition is a statement that may be asserted or denied. • Examples: • “Electronic books are a waste of money.” • “Physical books are a waste of space.”

15. Logic • Arguments • Syllogisms • Premises • Conclusions

16. Logic All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. (Therefore)Socrates is mortal

17. Logic • Validity • Truth • Soundness

18. Logic All women are people. All dancers are people. All women are dancers

19. Logic • Enthymeme • An abbreviated form of the categorical syllogism which assumes part of the syllogism. Socrates will die because he is a man.

20. Logic • Induction • Example • Most people from Texas are Republicans. • Bob is from Texas. • Bob is probably a Republican.

21. Logic • Argument Example #1 Catholics should not use artificial birth control because the Pope instructs them not to.

22. Logic Catholics should obey the pope’s teaching. The pope instructs the faithful not to use artificial birth control. Catholics should not use artificial birth control.

23. Logic • Argument Example #2 • Longest observed: 3 days • Shortest observed: 1 day • Therefore: Netted stinkhorns, in general, last 1-3 days

24. Logic • Argument Example #3 “There is no other access to Christian hope than by way of faith. Hence, in order to be able to elucidate the nature and scope of Christian hope, Pope Benedict has first to attend to the nature of faith.” ReinhardHutter, “Faith and Hope in Aquinas and SpeSalvi,” Nova et Vetera 7 (2009): 843.

25. Logic Christian hope may only be accessed by way of faith. Pope Benedict wishes to access Christian hope. Pope Benedict must first examine the nature of faith.

26. Logical Fallacies • Fallacies of Relevance • a. The Argument from Ignorance: Argument Ad Ignoratium • b. Appeal to Inappropriate Authority: Argument Ad Verecundiam • c. Argument Ad Hominem • d. Appeal to Emotion: Argument Ad Populam • e. Irrelevant Conclusion: IgnoratioElenchi

27. Logical Fallacies • Fallacies of Presumption • Complex question • False Cause (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) • Begging the Question (petitioprincipii) • False Dilemma

28. Logical Fallacies • Have you started pulling your fair share of the weight yet? • “I joined the Confederacy. Then I deserted. The Confederacy fell.” Mark Twain

29. Logical Fallacies • The demise of the family has led to an increase in divorce rates. • You can take it or leave it.

30. Logical Fallacies • Fallacies of Ambiguity • Equivocation • Amphiboly • Accent • Composition • Division

31. Rhetorical Strategies • Macro Strategies • Beginning, Middle, End • Forensic, Deliberative, Epideictic • Persuasion and Organization • Your strategy must match your type of discourse.

32. "We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender" Rhetorical Strategies • Figures of Speech

33. Rhetorical Figures • “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.“ -Winston Churchill

34. Rhetorical Figures • Anaphora • Repetition of the same word at the beginning of a series of clauses, sentences or verses • Asyndeton • Omission of conjunctions between words, phrases or clauses • Auxesis • Words arranged in ascending order of importance

35. Rhetorical Figures • “For man did not come from woman, but woman from man, nor was man created for woman, but woman for man”  (1 Cor 11:8-9). • “When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child” (1 Cor 13.11).

36. Rhetorical Figures • Antimetabole • Two or more words repeated in inverse order • Epistrophe • Same word ending a sequence of clauses or sentences

37. Rhetorical Figures “There arose no little stir concerning the Way” (Acts 19:23). “And death once dead, there’s no dying then.” Shakespeare, Sonnet 146

38. Rhetorical Figures • Litotes • Denial of the contrary; understatement that intensifies • Polyptoton • Repeating a word in a different form but from the same root.

39. Conclusion • Next Session: Types of Writing Assignments • Further resources: • Writing Logically, Thinking Critically, Patton and Cooper. • The Office of Assertion, Crider. • Introduction to Logic by Copi and Cohen • Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, Corbert and Conners